ElsevierGarcia-Castello, EM.; Rodríguez López, AD.; Mayor López, L.; Ballesteros, R.; Conidi, C.; Cassano, A. (2015). Optimization of conventional and ultrasound assisted extraction of flavonoids from grapefruit (Citrus paradisi L.) when compared with conventional solvent extraction, allowing higher extraction yields 49 (on average TPC 50% and TAA 66% higher) with lower temperatures and extraction 50 times. Although the optimum process conditions indicate the use of a low ethanol 51 concentration and ultrasounds (T=25ºC, EtC=0.4 (g/g) (40 g/100 g) and t=55 min 52 leading to TPC=80.0 mg GAE/g dw and TAA=38.3 mmol trolox/g dw), it has been 53 proved that an USE treatment free of organic solvent (EtC=0 g/g), at moderate 54 temperature (25ºC) and short time (t=3 min) leads to similar results (TPC=75.3 mg 55 GAE/g dw and TAA=31.9 mmol trolox/g dw), suggesting its use for economic and 56 environmental purposes.
A B S T R A C TAvocado (Persea americana Mill.) is a worldwide consumed fruit, with great interest for cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries; however, 30% of avocado fruits are bio-wastes (peels and kernels), converting them into a potential source of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds. Therefore, the hydroethanolic extracts of peels and kernels of Persea america Mill. var. Hass were analysed regarding their individual phenolic profile by HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS and correlated with their antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Avocado byproducts presented a very distinct phenolic profile, presenting higher concentration in peels (227.9 mg/g of extract for total phenolic content), mainly in (epi)catechin derivatives (175 mg/g of extract), followed by chlorogenic derivatives (42.9 mg/g of extract). In this study hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant assays were performed together for the first time in P. americana by-products, and although kernels showed a great antioxidant potential (EC 50 values ranging from 18.1 to 276 μg/mL), peels presented the highest potential (EC 50 ranging from 11.7 to 152 μg/mL), mainly due to the presence of phenolic compounds, and an overall better performance in the antibacterial assays. Further studies needs to be conducted to better understand the correlation between the presence of phenolic compounds and bioactivities, however, the main objective is to implement these biocompounds in different products and industries, due to results obtained, P. americana peels could be a great alternative in the substitution of synthetic antioxidants.
A B S T R A C TOpuntia spp. are a tropical and subtropical plant that provides both edible green steams and fruits; however, the processing of this fruits results in the accumulation of enormous amount of by-products that can be a source of bioactive and pigmented compounds. Herein, three cactus pear from the species Opuntia ficus-indica var. sanguigna (OS) and gialla (OG) and Opuntia engelmannii (OE) were fully characterized regarding their phenolic and betalain composition and correlated with their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The hydroethanolic extracts of OE gave the highest amount of phenolic compounds isorhamentin-O-(deoxyhexosyl-hexoside) and betacianins (betanin); however, no betaxanthins were identified in this sample. This sample also revealed the lowest EC 50 values in all the antioxidant activity assays. Regarding antimicrobial activity, the hydroethanolic extracts of all species revealed to be more active than ampicillin. The pivotal objective of this work was to focus on exploring by-product biocompounds and possible outputs, thus, we could suggest the use of these natural colorants with intrinsic antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, which would grant industries to produce cleaner label products with functional benefits.
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