SynopsisA continuous process for the photoinitiated copolymerization of vinyl phosphonate oligomer (MW 0.5-1.0 kg) and N-methylolacrylamide from aqueous solutions with cotton printcloth and a sateen fabric was investigated. The free radical reactions, initiated on the cellulose molecules by exposure of the padded cotton fabric to UV radiation gave a flame-resistant (DOC FF 3-71 test) textile product.The effects of several variables on the efficiency of oligomer and monomer conversion to polymer add-on were determined, with maximum efficiencies being 75-85%. Variables were fabric speed through the reactor (0.006-0.039 m/sec), light transmission through Pyrex or quartz windows in the tunnel, four sets of interchangeable tri-power UV lamps having different spectral distributions and relative intensities, and heat buildup within the reactor. Selected samples of these modified cotton fabrics were evaluated for flame resistance, some textile properties, and elemental phosphorus and nitrogen analysis. Copolymer and phosphorus distribution within and between the cotton fibers were illustrated by transmission electron microscopy and by energy dispersive x-ray analysis.
Removal of the pungent factor, allyl isothiocyanate, will partly determine whether mustard seed can become a commerical source for oil and meal in the United States. In processing studies at the Northern Laboratory, the mustard glucoside was converted enzymatically and the pungent oil was removed. This process has now been extended to pilot‐plant scale by using filtration‐extraction equipment at the Southern Laboratory. After desolventization and further steam stripping, the extracted meal had a residual content of 2.9% crude fat and 0.004% allyl isothiocyanate.
Morphological effects of the modification of cotton by vapor-phase treatments were studied by light and electron microscopy. Observations were made of etherified, grafted, and cross-linked cottons.The uniformity of reaction was followed by swelling whole fibers in cupriethylenediamine hydroxide (Cuene) solution and observing the swelling and dissolution along the length of the fiber. In addition, ultrathin sections were prepared and dissolution characteristics of the sections, after immersion in Cuene, were observed with the electron microscope.Observations of cotton cross-linked with methanol hemiformal in the presence of SO 2 , in an open constant-volume reactor, gave indications that little reaction had occurred; reacted areas observed were at the periphery of the fiber. Samples of cotton cross-linked with vapors of paraformaldehyde, with formic acid as catalyst, appeared to be crosslinked throughout the fine structure of the fiber; when HCl or SO 2 was used as the catalyst in this reaction, peripheral crosslinking was observed. When fabrics were treated for long periods of time with formalin in the presence of SO 2 , the reaction seemed to penetrate the entire structure of the fiber; after short periods of treatment it was peripheral. Large amounts of HCl with formalin resulted in some limited cross-linking of the fiber. When cotton was treated in a closed, constantpressure reactor with formalin in the presence of SO 2 , the cellulose was reacted throughout the fiber.Observations of a series of cottons impregnated with 2-hydroxyethyl carbamate exposed to butanol hemiformal vapor indicated that the degree of penetration of the cross-linking agent was dependent upon the length of time the samples were exposed to the cross-linking agent in the vapor phase. Examination of sections from cotton grafted with acrylic acid revealed that the material remaining after solution in Cuene was not fibrillar, but rather one of spongy character. Hydroxyethylation made the fiber sensitive to a dimethylolethylene urea (DMEU) cross-linking treatment.
The mechanics of a second generation atomization system for low wet pickup finishing has been studied. Air transports liquid spray particles to fabric from nozzles and utilizes particle momentum to eject the particles onto the fabric by redirecting the air/spray mixture. Wetting rates and uniformity were observed.
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