error in Ea" it must be assumed that the source of the discrepancy lies in certain simplifying assumptions inherent in the B.E.T. calculations. The discrepancy may be due to the fact that in the theory Ea, is assumed to be equal to El, while the experimental results show that Ea, is actually about 25% higher than El.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTAcknowledgment is made to Marjory Galvin for assistance with measurements and to T. M. Shaw and F. Stitt for helpful suggestions.
Summary
Results are reported of a series of experimental treatments of flaked castor bean meats and pomaces directed toward total detoxification of the ricin and total destruction or inactivation of the allergenic property.
The treatments comprised cooking of the flaked raw meats or pomaces under various conditions of moisture and temperature, with chemicals such as sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, sodium hypochlorite, formaldehyde, ammonia, ammonium sulfate, potassium permanganate, and urea, and with selected combinations of these. Also tried were aerobic fermentation, enzymatic digestion, and simple heating of pomaces at elevated temperatures.
The five most promising deallergeuization treatments and the corresponding percentage reductions in allergen content as measured by the precipitin test were as follows: dry heating of pomace to 401°F., 100%; moist‐cooking of flaked meats with 2% NaOH and 10% HCHO, possibly 100%; moist‐cooking with 0.9% HCl and 3% HCHO, possibly 100%; moist‐cooking with 2% NaOH at 20 psig. pressure, possibly 100%; moist‐cooking with 1% NaOH, 98.4%. For the first four treatments the Schultz‐Dale test indicated possible reductions of 100, 99.9, 99.9, and 100%, respectively. While the latter method is generally considered to be reasonably accurate, final tests would have to be conducted with naturally sensitive human subjects.
The data also showed that the ricin component can be completely detoxified by a mild moist‐cooking of the flaked meats, either with or without added alkali.
Study of the effect of heat on cottonseed oil miscella in a practical approach to the problem of objectionable color fixation during heating and solvent removal operations in the solvent extraction process. Heating of cottonseed oil miscellas at various temperatures and definite time periods under appropriate reduced pressures was carried out to determine the effect of heat on the resulting refined and bleached oils. Color fixation became objectionable between 150°and 180°F., and beyond 180°increased rapidly.Properly prepared solvent-extracted cottonseed oils from a MANY attempts have been made in the United States to apply the solvent extraction process to cottonseed. There is considerable activity in this field at present, but only a few publications have appeared (7, 8). The early commercial efforts (16, 18, 19) to produce an industrially useful oil from cottonseed by solvent extraction were abandoned largely because of the dark color of the resulting oil.Cottonseed pigments, such as gossypol and related substances, extracted with the oil from the cottonseed flakes or meal by organic solvents, impart to the miscella its characteristic color (1-5, 7, 9, 10). It is claimed that an aliphatic hydrocarbon such as hexane dissolves only a small portion of gossypol present in uncooked flakes or meal (4, 7, 9
Summary
A method has been developed for utilizing low‐cost acidulated refinery soapstock directly as raw material for producing the mixed methyl esters of cottonseed oil fatty acids. The conditions determined as optimum for producing the esters were as follows: temperature, 110°C. to 120°C.; pressure, 150 p.s.i.g.; reaction time, 10 to 15 min.; catalyst, acidic, proportioned as 3% to 5% of the fatty acids of the foots; and ratio of reactants, 5 moles of methanol to 1 of fatty acids.
Processing acidulated foots containing 12.4% of neutral oil at the foregoing conditions resulted in esterifying 83% to 86% of the fatty acids. Reprocessing the same material after dehydrating it and restoring the initial methanol to fatty acids ratio increased the percentage of fatty acids esterified by about 5%.
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