The recent global economic crisis and pandemic have shown that housing markets are highly exposed to the prevailing economic and social circumstances. Relevant literature indicates that housing output and transaction volumes were negatively affected during the Covid-19 pandemic. In contrast, price levels displayed variations under different circumstances shaped by demand shifts. Housing affordability conditions also deteriorated and household budgets were squeezed by the high housing cost burden due to the loss of livelihood and increased time spent at home during lockdowns. In the Turkish case, a severe economic crisis in 2018/19 preceded the Covid-19 pandemic. Housing output, housing prices, and the unemployment rate were much more affected by the economic crisis than by the pandemic. Spatial variation in the changes in the supply level was not homogeneous throughout the country. Lower supply levels were observed in the southern and south-eastern parts of the country and the major employment centres. However, compared to the international tendencies, total demand for housing increased, raising the housing transaction volume to record-high levels. In addition, housing prices during the pandemic skyrocketed, accompanied by increasing inflation rates. Furthermore, a demand shift towards single-family houses was observed, and the price gap between single-family houses and flats has widened since the pandemic began. The investment function of housing became prominent once again for wealthier households during the high inflation periods observed during the pandemic. The major conclusion drawn from this study is that the housing market deepened the existing inequalities in society during the current pandemic.
With the 58 th Government's Urgent Action Plan, including countrywide housing program, Housing Development Agency (HDA) has been one of the most influential actors in the construction sector. While HDA was leading to mass housing and urban transformation projects, it also targeted to provide housing for low and middle-income households. To do that, it executed various housing implementations in different regions of Turkey. However, the regional contribution of these activities to the housing affordability of households was not considered. Turkish urban policies, which are generally determined without the needs assessments and current situation analysis, are not monitored for their achievement of the expected outcomes or creation of unexpected impacts. On the contrary, a successful policy-making process requires analyzing needs and the current situation and monitoring the results of the implementation. With the country-wide housing program, based on the prevailing discourse of housing shortage and not backed up by scientific assessments, the housing production capacity of Turkey has considerably increased. This study aims at understanding and revealing the main effects of HDA's housing policies and production for low-income households on housing affordability issue. The results of the study indicate that although there are significant improvements in housing affordability of households, housing affordability ratio of regions is still higher than the predefined affordability criterion which is 30%. Even one of HDA's primary target is to provide housing for low-income households, the lack of contribution of its housing production to the housing affordability of low-income groups was observed.Anahtar sözcükler: Bölgesel konut üretimi; düzey 1; konuta ekonomik erişebilirlik; konut politikaları; TOKİ.Bu çalışmanın ilk hali 16. Ulusal Bölge Bilimi ve Bölge Planlama Kongresi'nde sunulmuş ve sadece özet olarak basılmıştır. Çalışmada kullanılan veriye erişim Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri kapsamında desteklenen 'Konuta Ekonomik Erişebilirlik ve Ölçüm Yöntemleri' başlıklı proje (BAP: 08-11-2016-036) ile sağlanmıştır.Çalışmada ayrıca proje bulgularına da yer verilmektedir.
Öz Türkiye'de, özellikle 2000'li yıllardan itibaren inşaat sektörü ekonomiyi canlandırmak ve ev sahipliğini arttırmak amacıyla kamu politikalarıyla doğrudan desteklenmiştir. Bu amaca ulaşmak için kentler benzeri görülmemiş inşaat sahalarına dönüşmüş, imara yeni açılan alanlar aracılığıyla yeni konut üretimi gerçekleştirilirken, eskiyen kent dokuları yıkım ve yeniden yapım süreçlerine tanık olmuşlardır. Ekonomik büyüme inşaat sektörü eksenli olunca sonsuza kadar devam eder anlayışı güdülmüş, kamu ve özel sektör yatırımlarında inşaat yatırımları büyük paylar almaya başlamıştır. 2007 ve 2009 yılları arasında etkisini hissettiren Küresel Finansal Krizle beraber pek çok ülke inşaata dayalı ekonomik büyümeye mesafeli yaklaşmaya başlamış ve sektörün olası olumsuz etkilerini azaltmak için çeşitli tedbirler almıştır. Ancak Türkiye'deki genel eğilim bu yönde olmamakla beraber özellikle imara açılan yeni alanlar ve kentsel dönüşüm alanlarında inşaat faaliyetlerinin devam ettirilmesi sağlanmıştır. İnşaatın öncü olduğu bir büyüme modelinde sektörü kırılma noktasına getirebilecek tehlikeli sinyaller görmezden gelinmiştir. Bu çalışmada temelde, sektörün güçlü yönü kabul edilen sözde dayanıklılığını kırması olası değişkenleri saptamayı hedeflemektedir.
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