In genetics and molecular biology Gene transformation is a gene alteration technique that involves the introduction and expression of a foreign gene into the host organism. There are many gene transformation methods like particle bombardment electroporation micro-injection, (PEG), for different biotechnological experiments But Plant gene transformation is a widely used procedure for obtaining transgenic plants and plant models to understand gene functions. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a natural genetic engineer which is rod-shaped gram-negative soil-born barteri. Initially Agrobacterium was utilized to transform only dicot plants but over the year’s modification in plant transformation protocol. It was now utilized in monocot plants as well as in fruits plants too. Agrobacterium tumefaciens inserts its (DNA), (Transfer DNA-T-DNA), into the host plant. The transmitted (DNA), is randomly integrated into the host cell's genetic material inside the infected plant cell nucleus. Alternatively bacterial DNA, can transiently remain in the nucleus without integrating into the genome but it still replicates alongside the plant genome, using its machinery and expressing its genes to make separate gene products. Besides the traditional method new research has also been done to transform the plants through agrobacterium. Various methods have been developed to transform monocotyledonous plants such as wheat maize rice and fruity plants. Generally dicotyledonous plants can be transformed by the traditional method of agrobacterium but various methods have also been developed for dicots for various applications. Here, we have taken an example of a tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum), transformed with different methods.
Mentha arvensis is an essential aromatic, energizer restorative, and medicinal plant in the mint family Lamiaceae. Mentha arvensis is found in rugged areas or cold climates of India. Herein, we studied the presence of different dynamic metabolites like-Flavonoids, Saponins, Tannins, terpenoids, steroids, Carb, anthraquinones, Heart glycosides, and alkaloid. In the given study, the phytochemical and antimicrobial action of leaves concentrates on pudina (Mentha arvensis L.). The broth dilution method has been used to check the antimicrobial activity of Mentha arvensis. In vitro antimicrobial movement was studied against pathogenic microbes such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus Pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Aspergillus Niger, Aspergillus clavatus by agar well dispersion method. When used on bacterial colonies and fungal colonies, the separated extract showed the maximum zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus Pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Aspergillus Niger, Aspergillus clavatus over the control. The maximum zone of inhibition was found in Methanolic extracts against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus clavatus over the control. Thus, the present approach can be useful to find new bioactive segments to improve new drugs. Our findings showed that the Mentha arvensis plant gives 25-100 MIC (ug/ml) to inhibit the growth of the mentioned microorganisms. Thus, it can be used as a strong antimicrobial agent against pathogens, mainly Aspergillus Clavatus.
Plants are a source of a large number of secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites are associated with exclusive subordinate functions ranging from defense to adaptive behavior. Their absence does not necessarily hamper the growth of the organism. However, they enhance their chances of survival against environmental stress. Many plant secondary metabolites are unique sources of active pharmaceutical compounds, flavours, anti-oxidant supplements, cosmetic products, anti-cancer agents, and food additives. This has resulted in great interest in large-scale production and enhanced extensive researches for commercially valuable plant secondary metabolites. Many plant-based drugs are available in the market such as Vinblastine, Tubocurarine, Reserpine, Paclitaxel and Asiaticoside. The article classifies various secondary metabolites on their discrete chemical structure and biological synthesis pathway. It further elaborates on their biological roles and explores their close association with primary metabolites. Additionally, this article further provides an insight into the biochemistry of various prominent secondary metabolites.
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