No abstract

The rate of nitrogen fixation (measured by determining the rate of acetylene reduction) by roots of established white clover which had received 80lb/ac of N was 23-30% of the rate for roots from plants which received no fertiliser nitrogen. The rate of acetylene reduction started to decrease within 24 hr of defoliation of the plants and stayed at a low level until the sixth day, after which it increased, reaching levels similar to those of undefoliated plants in 21 days. There was no significant difference in the rate of acetylene reduction between the defoliated and undefoliated plants 34 days after defoliation.

No abstract

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of rutin on PI3K/AKT-signalling in case of acrylamide or γ-radiation-induced neurotoxicity. To induce brain damage, animals were received acrylamide (25 mg/kg b.wt./orally/day) or 5 Gy of γ-radiation exposure accompanied with an administration of rutin (200 mg/kg b.wt./orally/day). Our data revealed that, compared to acrylamide or γ-radiation, rutin activated PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β/NRF-2-pathway through increased protein levels of p-PI3K, p-AKT and p-GSK-3β and up-regulated the expression of NRF-2. This was achieved by modulating MDA, GST, IL-1β, IL-6 and reduced the interference of ROS with IGF-1 and NGF stimulating the PI3K/AKT-signaling. Furthermore, histopathological examinations of brain tissues showed that rutin has modulated tissue architecture after acrylamide or γ-radiation induced tissue damage. It could be concluded that rutin provides protection effect against acrylamide or γ-radiation-induced neurotoxicity via activation of the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β/NRF-2-pathway by altering the phosphorylation state through its ability to scavenge free radicals generation, modulating gene expression and its anti-inflammatory effects.