Dermal and transdermal drug therapy is increasing in importance nowadays in drug development. To completely utilize the potential of this administration route, it is necessary to optimize the drug release and skin penetration measurements. This review covers the most well-known and up-to-date methods for evaluating the cutaneous penetration of drugs in vitro as a supporting tool for pharmaceutical research scientists in the early stage of drug development. The aim of this article is to present various experimental models used in dermal/transdermal research and summarize the novel knowledge about the main in vitro methods available to study skin penetration. These techniques are: Diffusion cell, skin-PAMPA, tape stripping, two-photon microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and confocal Raman microscopic method.

What's already known about this topic?The primary function of human sebaceous glands is to produce and secrete sebum, which so far, was considered to only contribute to the lipid barrier of the skin. What does this study add?Our work indicates that sebocyte-derived lipids may also target macrophage differentiation and activation. Moreover, in the pathogenesis of acne, the Propionibacterium acnes -macrophage interaction might be largely dependent on the composition of the sebum, which is of possible pathologic and therapeutic relevance. METHODS: Oil-red-O lipid staining and Raman spectroscopy were used to assess the dermal lipid content and penetration. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyse the macrophage subsets. Human peripheral blood monocytes were differentiated in the presence of either supernatant from human SZ95 sebocytes or major sebum lipid components and activated with Propionibacterium acnes. Macrophage surface markers and their capacity to uptake FITC-Propionibacterium acnes were Accepted ArticleThis article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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