Wild food plants (WFPs) are often highly nutritious but under-consumed at the same time. This study aimed to document the diversity of WFPs, and assess perceptions, attitudes, and drivers of change in their consumption among Minangkabau and Mandailing women farmers in West Sumatra. We applied a mixed-method approach consisting of interviews with 200 women and focus group discussions with 68 participants. The study documented 106 WFPs (85 species), and Minangkabau were found to steward richer traditional knowledge than Mandailing. Although both communities perceived WFPs positively, consumption has declined over the last generation. The main reasons perceived by respondents were due to the decreased availability of WFPs and changes in lifestyle. The contemporary barriers to consuming WFPs were low availability, time constraints, and a limited knowledge of their nutritional value. The key motivations for their use were that they are free and “unpolluted” natural foods. The main drivers of change were socio-economic factors and changes in agriculture and markets. However, the persistence of a strong culture appears to slow dietary changes. The communities, government and NGOs should work together to optimize the use of this food biodiversity in a sustainable way. This integrated approach could improve nutrition while conserving biological and cultural diversity.

Context: In many regions of Indonesia, there are numerous traditional herbal preparations for treatment of infectious diseases. However, their antimicrobial potential has been poorly studied by modern laboratory methods. Objective: This study investigates in vitro antimicrobial activity of 49 ethanol extracts from 37 plant species used in Indonesian traditional medicine for treatment against Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Materials and methods: The plants were collected from the Biopharmaca collection garden, Bogor, Indonesia. The plant material was dried, finely grounded, extracted using ethanol, concentrated, and the dried residue was dissolved in 100% DMSO. Antimicrobial activity was determined in terms of a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using a broth microdilution method in 96-well microplates. Results: The extract of Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. (Lamiaceae) leaf produced the strongest antimicrobial effect, inhibiting the growth of C. albicans (MIC 128 μg/mL), S. aureus (MIC 256 μg/mL), E. faecalis (MIC 256 μg/mL) and P. aeruginosa (MIC 256 μg/mL). The leaf extract of Woodfordia floribunda Salisb. (Lythraceae) also exhibited significant effect against C. albicans (MIC 128 μg/mL), S. aureus (MIC 256 μg/mL) and E. faecalis (MIC 256 μg/mL). Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabb. (Lamiaceae) leaf extract inhibited the growth of S. aureus (MIC 256 µg/mL) and C. albicans (MIC 256 µg/mL). Discussion and conclusions: The leaf extract of O. aristatus and W. floribunda exhibited a significant anti-candidal effect. Therefore, both of these plants can serve as prospective source materials for the development of new anti-candidal agents.

The purpose of the study was to analyze the prospects for plant conservation in high conservation value (HCV) oil palm plantations based on the sustainability value of plant species and population structure. The study was conducted in the HCV areas of three oil palm plantation companies and secondary forest in Riau Province. Data was collected by analyzing vegetation measuring 1.28-2.56 ha/plot in the HCV area and 3.84 ha/plot in secondary forest. Data analysis was carried out using relative density, and analysis of regeneration conditions were included in five categories (good, poor, fair, none, new). Data analysis related to the assessment of the prospect of HCV areas is carried out from the results of the analysis of the effectiveness of the HCV area and plant sustainability. The HCV area prospect assessment is grouped into three categories, namely prospective, moderately prospective, and not yet prospective. The results showed that the HCV area was not yet effective and the condition of important plant species was not sustainable. The HCV area has not been effectively assessed from the comparison of the value of the vegetation community between the HCV area and secondary forest, including low (<25%). PT A's HCV area in the form of forest has a higher effectiveness value than other HCV areas and secondary forest. The results showed that the most important plant species regeneration conditions were included in the none category (57.14%). This category shows that plant species are not yet sustainable because they are only found at one growth level, namely trees. So now it can be concluded that the purpose of the existence of HCV areas in maintaining and conserving plant diversity in oil palm plantations has not been implemented properly. Key words: Conservation of plants , High conservation value, Oil palm plantations, Vegetation analysis

ABSTRAK

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Abstract. Susanti R, Zuhud EAM. 2019. Traditional ecological knowledge and biodiversity conservation: the medicinal plants of the Dayak Krayan people in Kayan Mentarang National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2764-2779. Traditional ecological knowledge and biodiversity conservation can support one another for management of national parks in Indonesia as some such areas established in customary areas. This quantitative ethnobotany study aims to find the correlation of traditional ecological knowledge of medicinal plants of the Dayak Krayan people to biodiversity conservation in Kayan Mentarang National Park (KMNP), North Kalimantan, Indonesia. The research method used key informant interviews, transect walks, and questionnaire interviews. There were about 51 and 42 medicinal plants in Wa’ Yagung and Pa’ Padi respectively, which most used in life form of herb and tree, and to treat digestive system and infestations. Moreover, the important species are trees Alstonia scholaris and Cinnamomum cuspidatum, and vine Aristolochia sp. which grow in primary forest, while shrub Melastoma malabathricum in young secondary forest. There were significant differences in knowledge and use regarding age and gender groups, which older groups tend to possess higher values. The linking concept is proposed by using a review of three stimuli NUR (Natural-Usefulness-Religious) pro-conservation tool of traditional ecological knowledge and biodiversity conservation. The authorities’ stakeholders in KMNP will have to emphasize the traditional ecological knowledge in short or long-term management plan to achieve the objective of collaborative management in this national park.

The Kerinci community is an Indonesian indigenous people who live in Kerinci Regency, Jambi Province. They have local knowledge of the surrounding vegetation that has become a cultural unifying factor within the community. The study reported here aimed to analyze the importance of plants of particular cultural significance and to review efforts to conserve these plants based on Kerinci cultural values. The study was conducted for eight months from October 2013 to May 2014 at three locations chosen purposively, they were Lempur Baru Village, Lama Tamiai Village and Ulu Jernih Village. The data was obtained using a participatory observation approach, based on key informant interviews, while the assessment of plant distribution was based on a whole-of-community viewpoint. The research data consisted of data on the botany of the plants, on the utilization of the plants and on assessment of plant distribution. Analysis of data for 234 plant species used a formula for index of cultural significance (ICS) adopted from Turner (1988). The study showed that rice (Oryza sativa L.) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanni (Nees & T.Nees) Blume) are important plant species with values for the Cultural Index of 59 and 57 respectively, while the species known as 'inggu' (Ruta angustifolia (L). Pers) had the lowest ICS, of 3. The 'Tri-Stimulus Amar' conservation analysis developed by Zuhud (2007) is seen as a useful model for considering the cultural values that motivate the Kerinci community's plant conservation actions.

Rhizanthes deceptor is a species that found only in Sumatera, Indonesia. Crude ethanolic extract of Rhizanthes deceptor and it's host, T. papillosum papillosum were examined for their phytochemical properties and antioxidant activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The phytochemical qualitative analysis showed that all the extracts, containing alkaloid, phenolic and flavonoid. Triterpenoid detected in bud extract and root extract, saponin detected in root and stem extract and steroid only detected in stem extract. The result showed high level of total phenolic content from all the extract with their value are 431.52, 323.93 and 271.38 mg GAE/g from bud extract of R. deceptor, root and stem of T. papillosum, respectively. Presence of detected secondary metabolites thought to contribute to antioxidant activity of this extract. Antioxidant activity of the plants showed that bud extract of R. deceptor and root and stem extract of T. papillosum had fairly high DPPH antioxidant activity with IC 50 are 32, 22 and 35 µg mLG 1 , respectively. The result of antioxidant activity test indicates that R. deceptor and T. papillosum as, natural sources of antioxidant.