On‐site imaging of modules in photovoltaic (PV) systems requires contact‐free techniques with high throughput and low cost for commercial relevance. Photoluminescence imaging satisfies these requirements, but it has so far not been used for aerial imaging. Such a system faces unique engineering and operating challenges, including the need to mount a light source on the drone and identifying module defects from images taken under low‐ and nonuniform irradiance. Herein, in‐house developed photoluminescence aerial imaging (PLAI) setup is presented and it is demonstrated that it can be used to identify defects even with a difference of excitation intensity of up to 50%. The setup consists of a hexacopter aerial drone equipped with an illumination unit and a near‐infrared camera. The unit is capable of partially illuminating full‐sized modules at night and capturing the photoluminescence response. In the maiden flight, a throughput of 13.6 PV modules per minute is achieved, and a throughput of 300 PV modules per minute is feasible. It is shown that the setup can be used to detect and identify cracks and potential induced degradation with high levels of confidence. These findings are verified by cross correlation and comparing captured photoluminescence images to electroluminescence images taken indoors.
To reach targets outside the bloodstream, immune cells can extravasate and migrate through connective tissue. However, in contrast to migrating mesenchymal cells, the importance of matrix adhesion and traction force generation for immune cell migration is not well understood. We use time-lapse confocal reflection microscopy to obtain simultaneous measurements of migration velocity, directional persistence, and cell contractility. While we confirm that immune cells use a non-contractile amoeboid migration mode by default, we also find that NK92 cells as well as ex-vivo expanded NK cells exert substantial acto-myosin driven contractile forces on the extracellular matrix during short contractile phases reaching up to 100nN. Even non-activated primary B, T, NK cells, neutrophils, and monocytes exhibit this burst-like contractile behavior, and NK activation with cytokines increases both the magnitude and frequency of contractile bursts. Importantly, we show that cell speed and directional persistence of NK cells increase during and after these contractile phases, implying that the cells actively use traction forces to overcome steric hindrance and avoid getting stuck in narrow pores of the ECM. Accordingly, reducing cell adhesion to the ECM reduces the fraction of motile cells and their directional persistence, while the remaining motile cells mostly maintain their cell speed. We conclude that steric hindrance can induce a switch in the migration mode of immune cells, from a non-adhesive amoeboid migration mode to a highly contractile migration mode that closely resembles the gliding motion of motile mesenchymal cells.
Es werden die verschiedenen Verfahren zur Sauerstoff -Gewinnung in grofitechnischem Mafistabe besprochen und miteinander kritisch verglichen. Relnheit d. erueugt. 0, IO/ O]Die Erzeugung von Sauerstoff in groRem MaDstabe, wie er fur die V e r g a s u n g b i l l i g e r B r e n ns t o f f e . fur gewisse Zwedce der c h e m i s c h e n I nd u s t r i e undfur d a s H u t t e n w e s e n g e b r a u c h t wird, ist, von unbedeutenden Ansatzen abgesehen, bis heute im wesentlichen auf die Entwicklung in Deutschland beschrankt geblieben und fand zunachst wenig Beachtung auRerhalb des eigentlichen Fachkreises. Seit Kriegsende wird jedoch hauptsachlich in USA vie1 von "tonnage oxygen" geschrieben, und mehrere Firmen befassen sich dort ebenso wie in England und Frankreich rnit der Planung und dem Bau solcher Anlagen. Dabei sind zum Teil ganz neue Verfahren oder beachtenswerte Abwandlungen der bestehenden Verfahren entwickelt worden. Da jedes dieser Verfahren seine Vor-und Nachteile hat und den Sauerstoff-Abnehmer lediglich ein moglichst geringer Gestehpreis interessiert, soll ein kritischer Vergleich angestellt werden.Den groRten Anteil an den G e s t e h k o s t e n machen in der Regel die E n e r g i e k o s t e n aus. Im Falle besonders billiger Energie konnen jedo& die A n 1 a g ek o s t e n uberwiegen. Die ubrigen Kosten fur Kuhlwasser, Schmierol, Chemikalien, Lohne, Reparaturen usw. sind meist unbedeutend.Bei allen derartigen Anlagen werden nach einer gewissen Betriebszeit, meist nach einigen Monaten, die bei tiefen Temperaturen arbeitenden Teile der Apparaturen durch Ansammlungen der in Spuren in der Luft noch enthaltenen fest werdenden Anteile verstopft, so daD ein Anwarmen und Wiederabkuhlen erforderlich wird. Dieser Stillstand dauert 2 bis 3 Tage. Man mu6 dieser Tatsache Rechnung tragen. da sie bei der Bemessung etwaiger Reserven von Bedeutung ist.
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