Our results suggest that a medication containing an estrogen-progestin-androgen combination has antiproliferative effects in mammary glands of experimental animals that could prove to have breast-protective potential in women.
Electronic waste contains hazardous materials which have an adverse impact on the environment. Therefore, a solution is needed to recycle electronic waste. One solution is recovering copper metal from the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) in electronic waste. The dissolution of copper is carried out by the leaching method, which means dissolving copper using a selective solvent. Analysis of copper was performed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). This experiment aims to determine the factors that influence the optimization of copper dissolution from PCB electronic waste by leaching method and analysis the copper content using ICP-OES. The primary data obtained is the per cent recovery of each factor that affects copper dissolution, which is the concentration of sulfuric acid as a solvent, the percentage of solid / liquid, the speed of stirring, the temperature, and the length of stirring. The optimum conditions were achieved in the form of the highest recovery in each variation, which is 9.8% sulfuric acid, 5% solid/liquid percentage, 200 rpm stirring speed, and at temperature 60 °C with a stirring time of 120 minutes, the per cent recovery was obtained respectively 79.83%; 74.86%; 76.52%; and 54.84%.Keywords: electronic, waste, PCB, dissolution, copper Optimalisasi Pelarutan Tembaga dari Limbah Elektronik Printed Circuit Board dengan Metode LeachingABSTRAKLimbah elektronik mengandung bahan-bahan berbahaya yang berdampak buruk bagi lingkungan. Oleh sebab itu, diperlukan solusi untuk mendaur ulang limbah elektronik salah satunya adalah pengambilan kembali atau recovery logam tembaga dari Printed Circuit Board (PCB) pada limbah elektronik. Pelarutan tembaga dilakukan dengan metode leaching, yaitu dengan melarutkan tembaga menggunakan pelarut yang selektif. Analisis terhadap kadar tembaga dilakukan menggunakan Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Percobaan ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh pada optimalisasi pelarutan tembaga dari limbah elektronik PCB dengan metode leaching dengan analisis terhadap kadar tembaga menggunakan ICP-OES. Data primer yang diperoleh adalah persen recovery dari setiap faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi pelarutan tembaga, yaitu konsentrasi asam sulfat sebagai pelarut, persentase solid/liquid, kecepatan pengadukan, suhu, dan lama pengadukan. Kondisi optimum yang dicapai berupa recovery tertinggi pada setiap variasi, yaitu pada 9,8% asam sulfat, persentase 5% solid/liquid, kecepatan pengadukan 200 rpm, dan suhu pada 60 °C dengan lama pengadukan 120 menit diperoleh persen recovery secara berturut-turut 79,83%; 74,86%; 76,52%; dan 54,84%.Kata kunci : elektronik, limbah, PCB, pelarut, tembaga
Urolithiasis is defined as the formation of urolith or crystal in the urinary tract caused by supersaturation of urine. This study was conducted at PDHB drh Cucu Kartini S, dkk, Jakarta clinic. The data were taken from urinalysis test results of 23 dogs which suffered crystaluria and urolith stone examination of 11 dogs which suffered urolith stone post cystotomy. Most affected breeds were Shihtzu, Pug, Mini Pom, Corgi, Miniature Schnauzer, Golden Retriever. Crystaluria most detected in male dogs, while urolith stone most affected in female dogs. Dogs from 6 months to 12.5 years with a median of 5 years were affected. The urinalysis showed that dogs with crystaluria had alkaline urine (mean 8.3), 100% proteinuria, 86.9% hematuria, 41.4% pyuria. Diets is the most contributing factor in case of struvite urolithiasis, which is low water content; high in protein, magnesium, phosphorus, carbohydrates and calcium. Therapeutic diets that low in protein, phosphorus, magnesium and sufficient carbohydrates and diets with greater than 70% moisture can be an option for treatment and prevention of recurrent of struvite urolithiasis
This research was conducted to find the best combination of coating material and microencapsulation method for synbiotics. This research consists of 3 chapters. Chapter 1, was conducted to obtain the best combination of 3 types of coating materials (whey protein, skim milk, and maltodextrin) with 3 doses of coating material (0%, 10%, and 20%). Chapter 2, was conducted to find the best microencapsulation method that can maintain viability, the density of probiotic bacteria, and physiological and biochemical properties of bacteria. The probiotic bacteria used was Pseudoalteromonas piscisida with the prebiotic mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS). A total of 9 treatments in Chapter 1 was microencapsulated using spray- and drum-drying methods. Chapter 3, was conducted to determine the economic value of the synbiotic microcapsule products. The best result from Chapters 1 and 2 is synbiotics coated with a combination of 20% skim milk and 20% maltodextrin (treatment 6) with the spray drying method compared to other treatments. Treatment 6 is produced the highest percentage of product, the physical characteristics of which were good white powder when stored in cold (4°C) and room (25-29°C) temperatures. The best result in Chapter 3 is treatment 6 that showed profitable, highest R/C ratio and B/C ratio than other treatments. However, even though the quantity of the product is profitable, the resulting product can not live. Our suggestion is to use another method namely, freeze-drying for microencapsulation of heat-resistant bacteria such as the bacteria used in this study.
Objective: The objective of this research was to investigate the antihypercholesterolemic activity of herbal medicine which consisted of pigmentrich simplicia from higher and lower plants, as well as to determine its pigments composition.Methods: Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into five cholesterol-rich diet groups as well as one negative control group with a normal diet, in order to investigate its effect on plasma lipid. The new herbal formulation was administered orally to induced-rats at three dosage levels, whereas simvastatin was used as a comparable generic drug. Pigments composition was determined by means of reversed-phase highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using gradient protocol, monitored with diode array detector at 430 nm. Results:The administration of herbal medicine was able to significantly reduce total plasma cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (p<0.05) at a dose of 312.5 mg/kg of body weight/day compared to positive control group, and hence the atherogenic index was also lowered. The chromatographic analysis of pigments determination and quantification are reported correspondingly to support the possible active compounds data of hypocholesterolemic property. Conclusion:The results obtained in this research work indicated the potency of pigment-rich lower plants to substitute the obtrusive exploration and dominant use of higher plants for treating dyslipidemia.
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