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The rent gap theory, a consistent explanation of gentrification in inner-city spaces, sees a growing disparity between capitalized ground rent (CGR) and potential ground rent (PGR) as a catalyst for large-scale property reinvestment and thence gentrification. In historical working-class Santiago's peri-centre (inner city), not only is there a measurable rent gap, but a state-subsidized market in high-density urban renewal based on the accumulation of increased CGR by a few large-scale developers. This article focuses on a low-income municipality of Santiago, which has a local government that aims to attract this market via the liberalization of its local building regulations (seeking to increase the PGR), and deliberate underperformance in a national programme for housing upgrading (seeking to devalue the CGR in spaces previously targeted for renewal). It is observed how, in this city, two forms of ground rent exist, a lower one capitalized by current owner-occupiers (CGR-1) and a higher one capitalized by the market agents of renewal . This is seen as a form of social dispossession of the ground rent and a necessary condition for gentrification. It is concluded that the state-led strategy of urban renewal in Santiago needs to be refocused on more participative forms of distribution of the rent gap.
This special issue, a collection of papers presented and debated at an Urban Studies Foundation-funded workshop on Global Gentrification in London in 2012, attempts to problematise contemporary understandings of gentrification, which is all too often confined to the experiences of the so-called Global North, and sometimes too narrowly understood as classic gentrification. Instead of simply confirming the rise of gentrification in places outside of the usual suspects of North America and Western Europe, a more open-minded approach is advocated so as not to over-generalise distinctive urban processes under the label of gentrification, thus understanding gentrification as constitutive of diverse urban processes at work. This requires a careful attention to the complexity of property rights and tenure relations, and calls for a dialogue between gentrification and non-gentrification researchers to understand how gentrification communicates with other theories to capture the full dynamics of urban transformation. Papers in this special issue have made great strides towards these goals, namely theorising, distorting, mutating and bringing into question the concept of gentrification itself, as seen from the perspective of the Global East, a label that we have deliberately given in order to problematise the existing common practices of grouping all regions other than Western European and North American ones into the Global South.
RESUMENEn Latinoamérica y Chile, en la última década, se observan intensos procesos de reestructuración urbana en zonas pericentrales, con recambio de clase social, lo que es comprendido bajo el apelativo de "gentrifi cación". El presente artículo ofrece una lectura crítica de aspectos teóricos esenciales del fenómeno de la gentrifi cación, enfatizando una distinción de lo que resulta regular (sustancial) versus lo anecdótico o visualmente contingente del proceso. Tal defi nición se estima útil para entablar un diálogo conceptual más fructífero y articulador con defi niciones provenientes desde otras latitudes. En una segunda instancia, el artículo intenta corroborar una hipótesis explicativa del carácter estructuralmente político-económico del actual proceso de gentrifi cación en las principales ciudades chilenas, abordando el caso de Santiago como el más representativo. Se presenta evidencia y analiza incrementos de renta potencial monopólicamente capturada por inmobiliarias (RCS-2), a la par de procesos deliberados de devaluación de renta de suelo socialmente capturada (RCS-1), con consecuente desplazamiento social residencial.Palabras clave: Gentrifi cación, renta de suelo, desplazamiento, exclusión, Santiago de Chile ABSTRACTFor the last decade, Latin America and Chile have seen intensive class-led processes of urban restructuring, namely gentrifi cation. This article offers a critical revision of gentrifi cation theory whilst emphasizing what is regular versus what is contingent (or particular) of the process, in order to better engage the local debate with the global academia. In a second part, the article substantiates a hypothesis about the politico-economic character of the processes of gentrifi cation experienced by the major Chilean cities, focusing on the case of the inner city of Santiago as the most representative. We analyze evidence on potential increases in ground rent levels and the monopoly captured by real estate fi rms, as well as subsequently deliberate processes of capitalized ground rent devaluation and thus social displacement of low-income residents.
This work was supported by the Chilean Fund for Scientific Research and Innovation – Fondecyt [grant number 1151287]; CONICYT/FONDAP COES - Centre for Social Conflict and Cohesion Studies [grant number 15130009]
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