New global financial regulations are implemented with respect to the developments in the financial system. A consideration of the place and significance of the Banking system globally and nationally that the importance of financial regulations regarding the system increases each day. In this respect Basel (Basel I, Basel II and Basel III criteria) reconciliation is conducted regarding the banking system. Especially to decrease the fragility of banks undertaking the role of financial mediators as a result of the global financial crisis in 2008, Basel II reconciliation has been expanded and BaselII criteria has been determined on 12.09.2010. Even though it is expected that Basel III reconciliation will be beneficial for the stability of the banking sector, it is expected that the long term profitability of banks will decrease in relation to the possible increase of their capital and liquidity. In this piece, Basel reconciliations are considered, its application in the Turkish banking sector is considered and by utilizing the data for 2002.Q4 and 2016Q.3, the effect of capital sufficiency ratio (CSR) of banks active in the Turkish Banking Sector via cointegration method determined by Basel reconciliation. As a result of the analysis in the long term an opposite relationship between loan risk, liquidity risk, CSR and bank profitability. Therefore, in Turkish banking sector, by applying Basel reconciliations financial and macroeconomic fragility of banks decrease however their profitability decreases. In this respect, it may be foreseen that against strong active and equity structure in face of low profitability rates, banks active in the Turkish banking sector are to compete in tougher conditions.
Tarihi İpek yolunun geçtiği Orta Asya, jeopolitik konumuyla Türk uygarlıklarının ekonomik kaynağı olmuş, bu yüzden tarih boyunca sahip olduğu zengin yeraltı kaynakları ile dünya devletlerinin dikkatini çekmiş ve önemli mücadelelere sahne olmuştur. Bölge, günümüzde de Avrupa, Asya ve Pasifik arasındaki ekonomik ilişkilerin ve uluslararası dış ticaret bağlantılarının kurulmasında önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, Orta Asya Türk Cumhuriyetleri'nden Özbekistan ve Kazakistan ile Türkiye arasındaki ekonomik ve ticari ilişkilerin ölçeği ve yönü incelenmeye çalışılmış ve ülkelerin finansal güçlerine değinilmiştir. Bu bağlamda; ülkelerin etnik ve siyasi yapıları, ekonomik ve ticari yapıları, birbirleriyle gerçekleştirdikleri dış ticaret miktarı, ürün çeşidi ve dinamikleri, ticari anlaşmalar ve protokoller ele alınmış, ayrıca üç ülkenin merkez bankaları ve bankacılık sistemleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı; Türkiye, Özbekistan ve Kazakistan arasındaki ekonomik ve ticari ilişkilerin güçlenmesi yönünde yapılabileceklerin ve bu süreçte ülke merkez bankalarının ve bankacılık sistemlerinin rolünü ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmada, Türkiye'nin çeşitli dünya ülkeleri ile önemli ekonomik ve ticari ilişkilerinin bulunduğu ve finansal sisteminin güçlü bir yapıda olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Buna karşın Özbekistan ve Kazakistan'ın, ekonomik ve ticari açıdan Türkiye ile daha sıkı ilişki içinde olduğu, finansal sistemlerinin yeterince gelişmediği ve Türkiye'nin söz konusu ülkeler açısından stratejik ve vazgeçilmez bir paydaş olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.
This dissertation analyses the efficiency of the Turkish banking sector by comparing the benefits obtained by deposit banks and participation banks operating from deposits/participation funds and loans (interest or profit rates) using econometric models. Firstly we comparatively examine average interest rates and profit shares by deposit banks and Islamic banks, respectively, using monthly data for the period January 2005-December 2015 using Monte Carlo Simulation. This analysis reveals that deposit banks paid a 0.49 point higher rate of interest for deposits than the profit rates paid by Islamic banks. This difference is statistically significant at conventional significant levels. Secondly, we compare interest and profit rates for the mortgage loans of the two groups of banks for the period June 2010-December 2015 using Monte Carlo simulation. We find that conventional banks offered these loans at a rate of 0.92 points lower than Islamic banks. This difference is also statistically significant at conventional significance levels. For the same period we find that, on average, Islamic banks offered commercial loans at a significantly 0.72 basis points lower rate statistically in comparison to deposit banks. Finally, we compare these groups of banks across return on assets, return on equity and net interest/ profit margin using regression analysis for the period January 2005-December 2015. This analysis employs macroeconomic indicators, liquidity indicators, operational expenses, money supply indicators, asset quality indicators as explanatory variables. We find no statistically significant difference in these measures between the two groups of banks.
The most important aim of economics is to bring the welfare of nations to the highest level. "The Wealth of Nations" by Adam Smith is one of the first works in contemporary economics. To ensure economic growth and development for the prosperity of their nation, monetary and fiscal policy instruments are applied by the authorities. The process of monetary policies from implementation to the end result are known as monetary transmission mechanisms. Monetary transmission mechanisms are classified as traditional interest rate, asset prices, exchange rate, expectations and credit channel. Bernanke and Gertler resembled the operation of the monetary transmission mechanism to a black box. Understanding and development of credit channel of monetary transmission mechanism is important to developing countries such as Turkey having scarcity of capital and with businesses funding through external sources. The aim of the study is to find out the effectiveness of the credit channel in Turkey betweeen 2004Q1-2020.Q1 with quarterly data on an annual basis. Variance decomposition and impulse-response analysis with the help of the VAR model defined by cointegration for long-term relationships, error correction model for short-term relationships, and causality analysis were applied to the chosen data. According to the findings of the study, both long-term and short-term statistically significant relationships between monetary transmission mechanism variables and growth were determined. It has been determined that the credit channel has an effect on economic growth and that the GDP variable, which is taken as the dependent variable, has bilateral causality with other independent variables besides bank credits. The results of the study is that the credit channel as a monetary transmission mechanism is active in Turkey.
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