In the last decade, the inclusion of HPV DNA testing in cervical cancer screening has provided one of the best strategies for the prevention and timely detection of HPV. We conducted a high-throughput HPV genotyping study based on MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry to determine the prevalence of 24 HPV genotypes, including oncogenic genotypes, in Mexican women and correlated the results with cytological findings and clinical variables. We likewise identified the risk factors in patients with the HPV infection. Our study included 1000 women from Sonora, Mexico, who participated in cervical cancer screening campaigns and who underwent a Pap smear and HPV DNA test. The results showed that the overall prevalence of HPV was 27.2%, 18.5% with single, and 8.7% multiple infections. The low-risk HPV genotype 6 (8.5%) and oncogenic genotypes 31 (8.1%) and 53 (4.4%) were the most prevalent in the study population. The number of lifetime sexual partners, previous STIs, and age at first intercourse was significantly associated with HPV infection ( P ≤ 0.05). Smoking (OR = 1.5609; 95% IC 1.062–2.292) and more than three lifetime sexual partners (OR = 1.609; 95% IC = 1.124–2.303) represented risk factors for HPV infection. Cytological abnormalities were found in 3.4% of the HPV-positive samples. CIN 1–3 occurred in 0.6% of high-risk HPV cases. In general, the prevalence of the HPV genotypes is high in Mexican women with normal cytological findings. This issue highlights the importance of HPV research in seemingly healthy women and could help guide screening strategies for cervical cancer prevention in Mexico. Impact statement We are submitting data regarding the prevalence and type distribution of the HPV infection and the risk factors associated with it, which may provide a valuable reference to reinforce screening strategies, and to maintain HPV genotype surveillance in Mexico. We discuss the overall prevalence of HPV infection as detected in normal cytological samples stratified by age, different types of infection, and oncogenic capacity. One of the most important findings was that common HPV genotypes detected in healthy women were the genotype numbers: 6, 31, 16, and 56, likewise, smoking and having a history of more than three sexual partners over their lifetime, represented the main risk factors in this study. Furthermore, we found a low frequency of cytological abnormalities and CIN 1–3 in women with HR-HPV.
Background. Globally, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are a major cause of morbidity in sexually active individuals, having complications in reproduction health and quality of life. In concordance with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), the study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Candida spp., Ureaplasma spp., Trichomonas vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, HSV, and Mycoplasma spp. from cervicovaginal samples and to correlate them with the gynecological history of the patients. Methods. Our analytical, prospective, and cross-sectional study included 377 women who participated in a reproductive health campaign during 2015–2016. Anthropometric and gynecological variables were obtained. Cervicovaginal specimens were collected and analyzed with a multiplex in-house PCR to detect Candida spp., Ureaplasma spp., Trichomonas vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, HSV, Mycoplasma spp., and Chlamydia trachomatis. Results. The positive cases were 175/377 (46.4%) to at least one of the microorganisms. The most frequent pathogen detected in this population was Ureaplasma spp. (n = 111, 29.4%), followed by Mycoplasma spp. (n = 56, 14.9%) and Candida spp. (n = 47, 12.5%); 33.7% of the positive cases were single infections, whereas 12.7% had coinfection. The multiplex PCR assay was designed targeting nucleotide sequences. Conclusions. Our data demonstrated that monitoring STIs among asymptomatic patients will encourage target programs to be more precisely and effectively implemented, as well as make these programs more affordable, to benefit society by decreasing the prevalence of STIs.
Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy‐specific multifactorial disorder characterized by hypertension and proteinuria after the 20th week of gestation. The placenta plays an important role in the origin of PE. It has been shown that RhoA proteins are involved in the development of hypertension and vasoconstriction due to contribute to the etiology of the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. These GTPases act as molecular switches interacting with effector molecules to generate cellular responses. The effector molecules of RhoA, such as ROCK, PKN and Dia, are important regulators for actin‐myosin interaction in vascular smooth muscle cells which are implicated in hypertension. Because of its importance and little background of RhoA protein and its effector molecules in placentas with PE, we determined its location in situ and activation status of RhoA, as well as their expression levels of effector molecules in cotyledon, umbilical artery and vein in placentas with PE. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the location of RhoA in umbilical artery and vein in pregnancies with PE is mainly in the inner layer whereas in cotyledon is in blood vessels. By pull‐down assay we observed an increase in the activation status of RhoA in all samples with PE. The expression level of effector molecules was increased in PE (Dia1, PKN and ROCK2 in the umbilical artery; PKN in umbilical vein, ROCK2 in cotyledon and ROCK1 was only detected in the cotyledon). The increase in activation of RhoA in umbilical artery and vein, suggests a possible participation of this proteins in pathological processes that generate vascular contraction in blood vessels during hypertension associated with PE. Besides effector molecules Dia1, PKN and ROCK2, ROCK1 may have an important role in the etiology of the syndrome. Acknowledgements: The authors appreciate the partial economic support from the grants of: CIC‐UMSNH (2.16 to ASM; 2.37 to SMA); CONACYT (169093 to ASM); EGOH is CONACYT fellow.
Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy‐specific multifactorial disorder, characterized by hypertension and proteinuria after the 20th week of gestation. The placenta plays an important role during PE development. It has been shown that the RhoA GTPase is involved in the development of hypertension and vasoconstriction due to may contribute to the etiology of this disorder. These GTPases act as molecular switches interacting with effector proteins to generate cellular responses. Because of their importance and little background presence of RhoA protein in placentas with PE, the main aim of this work is to determinate the localization of RhoA protein and the identification of effectors proteins in cotyledon, vein and artery from umbilical cord. Our results revealed that RhoA is localized mainly in smooth muscle cells of vein and artery, and blood vessels from cotyledon. The expression level was decreased in preeclamptic placenta. This data suggests a possible role of RhoA protein in blood vessels during the hypertension related with PE.
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