Prevalence and correlation of human papillomavirus genotypes with clinical factors in cervical samples from Mexican women

Abstract

In the last decade, the inclusion of HPV DNA testing in cervical cancer screening has provided one of the best strategies for the prevention and timely detection of HPV. We conducted a high-throughput HPV genotyping study based on MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry to determine the prevalence of 24 HPV genotypes, including oncogenic genotypes, in Mexican women and correlated the results with cytological findings and clinical variables. We likewise identified the risk factors in patients with the HPV infection. Our study included 1000 women from Sonora, Mexico, who participated in cervical cancer screening campaigns and who underwent a Pap smear and HPV DNA test. The results showed that the overall prevalence of HPV was 27.2%, 18.5% with single, and 8.7% multiple infections. The low-risk HPV genotype 6 (8.5%) and oncogenic genotypes 31 (8.1%) and 53 (4.4%) were the most prevalent in the study population. The number of lifetime sexual partners, previous STIs, and age at first intercourse was significantly associated with HPV infection ( P ≤ 0.05). Smoking (OR = 1.5609; 95% IC 1.062–2.292) and more than three lifetime sexual partners (OR = 1.609; 95% IC = 1.124–2.303) represented risk factors for HPV infection. Cytological abnormalities were found in 3.4% of the HPV-positive samples. CIN 1–3 occurred in 0.6% of high-risk HPV cases. In general, the prevalence of the HPV genotypes is high in Mexican women with normal cytological findings. This issue highlights the importance of HPV research in seemingly healthy women and could help guide screening strategies for cervical cancer prevention in Mexico. Impact statement We are submitting data regarding the prevalence and type distribution of the HPV infection and the risk factors associated with it, which may provide a valuable reference to reinforce screening strategies, and to maintain HPV genotype surveillance in Mexico. We discuss the overall prevalence of HPV infection as detected in normal cytological samples stratified by age, different types of infection, and oncogenic capacity. One of the most important findings was that common HPV genotypes detected in healthy women were the genotype numbers: 6, 31, 16, and 56, likewise, smoking and having a history of more than three sexual partners over their lifetime, represented the main risk factors in this study. Furthermore, we found a low frequency of cytological abnormalities and CIN 1–3 in women with HR-HPV.

Prevalence and Risk Factors for High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection and Cervical Disorders: Baseline Findings From an Human Papillomavirus Cohort Study

“…These results are comparable with other studies conducted in Mexico. 4 , 28 , 31 , 39 , 40 The genotype distribution pattern showed that the most prevalent combinations were 31-53, 35-53, 53-58, and 33-35. Since these genotypes belong to the α-6 and α-9 species, this could suggest that phylogenetically related HR-HPV genotypes tend to cluster together, in agreement with reports by other authors.…”

“…HPV DNA detection and virus load quantification were performed using the Seegene Anyplex™ II HPV 28 system (Seegene, Seoul, Korea), based on a real-time multiplex PCR assay that allows simultaneous amplification, detection, and differentiation of target nucleic acids of 19 high-risk HPV types (16,18,26,31,33,35,35,39,45,45,51,52,53,56,58,59, 66, 68, 69, 73, 82) and 9 low-risk HPV types (6,11,40,42,43,44,54,61,70). 24 This system allowed us to confirm the HPV diagnosis and estimate viral loads by genotype in each patient.…”

Caracterización de genotipos del virus del papiloma humano en mujeres que acuden a la Unidad de Atención Integral del VIH e Infecciones Crónicas de un hospital guatemalteco

“…En la presente investigación, la mayor frecuencia para alguno de los VPH-AR se presentó en las mujeres que vivían en unión libre 36.6% (48/131) y en las mujeres casadas 33.7% (33/98) (tabla 3). Este patrón es similar a lo reportado por Hernández-Rosas et al (22), en un estudio realizado en mujeres mexicanas, en el que se encontró 15.9% (159/1000) de casos positivos para VPH-AR en las casadas, seguido por 4.5% (45/1000) que respondieron vivir en unión libre. Los resultados obtenidos en la presente investigación no fueron los esperados, ya que se pensaba que las mujeres que tenían pareja estable tendrían menor riesgo de infección por el VPH y que la mayor frecuencia de positividad se detectaría en las mujeres solteras que, por su condición de libertad, podrían tener relaciones casuales o de múltiples parejas y con ello aumentar el riesgo de infección por el VPH.…”

Outcome and associated factors of high-risk human papillomavirus infection without cervical lesions

“…The risk factors associated with HPV infection have been widely reported. The more certain factors include sexual behaviors (e.g., number of sexual partners, age at first sexual encounter, and male sex), large number of births, HPV type, and age [15][16][17]. However, the correlation between factors such as smoking, contraceptive methods, HPV viral load and HPV infection remain controversial.…”