Acceptance-based procedures may be a viable alternative to traditional CBT techniques in the management of tinnitus. The Internet can improve access to psychological interventions for tinnitus.

Helicobacter pylori chronically colonizes the stomach and duodenum and causes peptic ulcers or gastric adenocarcinoma in 10 to 20% of infected individuals. We hypothesize that the inability of patients to clear H. pylori infections is a consequence of active suppression of the immune response. Here we show that H. pylori-infected individuals have increased frequencies of CD4؉ CD25 high T cells in both the stomach and duodenal mucosa compared to uninfected controls. These cells have the phenotype of regulatory T cells, as they express The gastrointestinal mucosa is in constant contact with both harmless and harmful antigens. The immune system has to discriminate between these antigens to maintain a balance between active defense and the prevention of immunopathology. In mouse models, naturally occurring CD4 ϩ CD25 ϩ regulatory T cells (T reg cells) have been implicated in playing an important role in suppressing immune responses to the normal intestinal flora (28) as well as to pathogens (22,25). However, little is currently known about the role of T reg cells in the human gastrointestinal mucosa.Most studies of human T reg cells have been performed with cells isolated from peripheral blood (2, 17, 32), but CD4 ϩ CD25ϩ cells with suppressor activity have also been demonstrated in the thymus (29), cord blood (36), synovial fluid (4), tonsils (32), and a few types of tumors (19,37). Human T cells have a more variable expression of CD25 (the interleukin-2 receptor ␣-chain) than do mouse T cells, and only those that express CD25 with the highest intensities (CD25 high ) are suppressive (2, 4). T cells expressing intermediate levels of CD25 (CD25 low ) are instead activated effector or memory T cells and lack a regulatory function. T reg cells suppress the activity of other T cells via a contact-dependent mechanism, but the molecules directly mediating this suppression have still not been clearly identified (22). However, the Foxp3 gene (FOXP3 in humans), which encodes the transcription factor scurfin, has recently been demonstrated to be a key regulatory gene for the development and function of T reg cells (10,15,16). Humans with defects in the FOXP3 gene experience strong activation of the immune system, leading to multiorgan autoimmune disease, inflammatory bowel disease, allergies, and severe infections, collectively known as the IPEX syndrome (immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked inheritance syndrome) (11). FOXP3/Foxp3 is expressed by CD4 ϩ CD25ϩ T reg cells in humans and mice, and the transduction of CD25 Ϫ cells from mice with this gene converts the cells into regulatory cells. Although recent data indicate that FOXP3 gene expression can be induced in CD25Ϫ cells under special conditions (5, 9, 33, 34), these induced FOXP3-expressing cells also have a suppressive capacity, suggesting that a tight link exists between FOXP3 expression and a regulatory function.We are currently investigating the role of T reg cells in chronic Helicobacter pylori infection (20,25). Although H. pylori colo...

Background and AimsMajor depression can be treated by means of cognitive behavior therapy, delivered via the Internet as guided self-help. Individually tailored guided self-help treatments have shown promising results in the treatment of anxiety disorders. This randomized controlled trial tested the efficacy of an Internet-based individually tailored guided self-help treatment which specifically targeted depression with comorbid symptoms. The treatment was compared both to standardized (non-tailored) Internet-based treatment and to an active control group in the form of a monitored online discussion group. Both guided self-help treatments were based on cognitive behavior therapy and lasted for 10 weeks. The discussion group consisted of weekly discussion themes related to depression and the treatment of depression.MethodsA total of 121 participants with diagnosed major depressive disorder and with a range of comorbid symptoms were randomized to three groups. The tailored treatment consisted of a prescribed set of modules targeting depression as well as comorbid problems. The standardized treatment was a previously tested guided self-help program for depression.ResultsFrom pre-treatment to post-treatment, both treatment groups improved on measures of depression, anxiety and quality of life. The results were maintained at a 6-month follow-up. Subgroup analyses showed that the tailored treatment was more effective than the standardized treatment among participants with higher levels of depression at baseline and more comorbidity, both in terms of reduction of depressive symptoms and on recovery rates. In the subgroup with lower baseline scores of depression, few differences were seen between treatments and the discussion group.ConclusionsThis study shows that tailored Internet-based treatment for depression is effective and that addressing comorbidity by tailoring may be one way of making guided self-help treatments more effective than standardized approaches in the treatment of more severe depression.Trial RegistrationClinicaltrials.gov NCT01181583

Laparoscopic myotomy was found to be superior to an endoscopic balloon dilatation strategy in the treatment of achalasia when studied during the first 12 months after treatment.

Gastroduodenal outlet obstruction is a complication of advanced gastrointestinal malignant disease. In the past it was usually treated by an open surgical bypass procedure. During the last decade, endoscopic self-expandable stents (SEMS) have been used. The aim of this study was to compare these two palliative strategies concerning clinical outcome and health economy. A series of 36 patients with incurable malignant disease and gastroduodenal outlet obstruction syndrome were treated in a prospective study. According to the attending hospital and endoscopist on duty, 21 of the 36 patients were endoscopically treated with SEMS and 15 underwent an open surgical gastroenteroanastomosis. Health economic evaluation was based on the monetary charges for each patient associated with the procedure, postoperative care, and hospital stay. The hospital stay was 7.3 days for the stented group compared with 14.7 days for the open surgery group ( p > 0.05). The survivals were 76 and 99 days, respectively (NS). In the stented group all 15 patients (100%) alive after 1 month were able to eat or drink, and 11 (73%) of them tolerated solid food. In the surgical bypass group,9 out of 11 (81%) patients alive after 1 month could eat or drink, and 5 of them (45%) could eat solid food. The mean charges (U.S. dollars) during the hospital stay were $7215 for the stented group and $10,190 for the open surgery group ( p < 0.05). Palliation of the gastroduodenal obstruction in patients with malignant disease were at least as good, and the charges were lower for the endoscopic stenting procedure than for an open surgical bypass.

Esophageal cancer often presents as advanced stage disease with a dismal prognosis, with only 10-15% of patients surviving 5 years. Therefore, in a large proportion of patients, palliative treatment is the only option available. The aim of this study was to prospectively compare the palliative effect of self-expandable stent placement with that of endoluminal brachytherapy regarding the effect on quality of life and on specific symptoms. Sixty-five patients with advanced cancer of the esophagus or gastroesophageal junction were randomized to treatment with either an Ultraflex expandable stent or high-dose-rate endoluminal brachytherapy with 7 Gy x 3 given in 2-4 weeks. Clinical assessment and health-related quality of life (HRQL) were measured at inclusion and 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months later. The HRQL was measured with standardized questionnaires (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Oesophageal Module and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale). Twenty-eight patients completed the stent treatment and 24 patients the brachytherapy. The group of patients treated with stent reported significantly better HRQL scores for dysphagia (P < 0.05) at the 1-month follow-up, but most other HRQL scores, including functioning and symptom scales, deteriorated. Among brachytherapy-treated patients, improvement was found for the dysphagia-related scores at the 3-months follow-up, whereas other significant changes of scores were few. The median survival time was comparable in the two groups (around 120 days). In conclusion, insertion of self-expandable metal stents offered a more instant relief of dysphagia compared to endoluminal brachytherapy, but HRQL was more stable in the brachytherapy group.

Esophageal perforations are surgical emergencies with high mortality rates. A variety of treatment strategies have been advocated. No single strategy has however, been fully applicable to deal with most situations. The aim of this study was to investigate if treatment with covered expandable metallic stents could offer a feasible option for the management of a leaking esophagus regardless of cause. Twenty-two consecutive patients with perforation or leakage from the intrathoracic esophagus were endoscopically treated with placement of a covered expandable metallic stent. Nine patients had esophageal cancer and 13 had benign underlying disease of whom two had a leakage from a surgical anastomosis. The leakage could be sealed in all but one patient. This patient died after an open esophageal diversion procedure. Twelve patients had an uneventful recovery, whereas three patients needed percutaneous drainage of abscesses and one drainage of the pleural cavity through a small thoracotomy. One patient required a conventional thoracotomy to drain the mediastinum. In total five (23%) patients died from the perforation within 30 days. Two of the deaths were unrelated and three (14%) related to the perforation. In patients with benign disease stents were removed or replaced after 3 weeks. In total 17 stents were successfully removed. Leakage from a damage esophagus can be effectively covered by expandable metallic stents seemingly regardless of the underlying cause and is likely to offer a good chance of survival even in severely ill patients.

Description of data columns (channels) in reduced ASCII data files. Channel Name (units) Description of Measurement Time From Ignition (s) NA NA NA Time relative to ignition defined by Event 1 O2Rear (mol/mol) 29 113 88 Rear O2 volume fraction corrected for water (wet) CO2Rear (mol/mol) 29 113 88 Rear CO2 volume fraction corrected for water (wet) CORear (mol/mol) 29 113 88 Rear CO volume fraction corrected for water (wet) THCRear (mol/mol) 29 113 88 Rear Total Hydrocarbons volume fraction corrected for water (wet) SootRear (g/g)