The rising energy consumption of the ICT industry has triggered a quest for more sustainable, i.e. energy efficient, ICT solutions. Software plays an essential role in finding these solutions, as software is identified as the true consumer of power. However, in this context, software is often treated as a single, complex entity instead of the interrelated elements that it actually consists of. Although useful results can be gained, this approach fails to provide detailed insight in the elements that invoke specific energy consumption behavior. As a result, software vendors are not able to address energy consumption on software level. In this paper, we propose an energy consumption perspective on software architecture as a means to provide this insight and enable analysis on the architectural elements that are the actual drivers behind the energy consumption. In support of this perspective, we also position sustainability as a potential quality attribute thereby provide a means to quantify energy consumption aspects related to software. In a case study using a commercial software product the perspective and quality attribute are applied, demonstrating the potential by achieving an energy consumption saving of 67.1 %.
Software producing organizations aim to release high quality software faster, which triggers the adoption of DevOps. However, not many artifacts are available that aid in adopting DevOps. In an attempt to bridge this gap, a DevOps Competence Model showing an overview of the areas to be considered in adopting DevOps is proposed. Also, a DevOps Maturity Model is proposed that presents a growth path for software producing organizations. Both these models incorporate perspectives that are made up of focus areas which in turn are made up of capabilities. Apart from designing and validating these models by means of expert workshops, a case study has been conducted where assessees answered questions to gain insight into which capabilities were implemented. From the answers, maturity profiles were extracted that supported the assessees in becoming more DevOps mature.
While energy is directly consumed by hardware, it is the software that provides the instructions to do so. Energy profilers provide a means to measure the energy consumption of software, enabling the user to take measures in making software more sustainable. Although each energy profiler has access to roughly the same data, the reported measurements can differ significantly between energy profilers. In this research, energy profilers are evaluated through a series of experiments on their functionality and the accuracy of the reported measurements. The results show that there is still work to be done before these software tools can be safely used for their intended purpose. As a start, a correction factor is suggested for the energy profilers.
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