Kinetics of the intercalation of several well characterized graphites by aluminum chloride in the presence of chlorine were investigated in the 500 to 660 K temperature range. Temperature was the decisive parameter determining the stage of the intercalation compound. The intercalation rate depended on temperature, on graphite properties, and on partial pressures of aluminum chloride and chlorine. Crystalline perfection and amount of prismatic edges were found to be important graphite properties determining the intercalation rate. With all graphite types, the intercalation rate was linear with time in the early part of the intercalation, i.e. to about 50% of the saturation uptake. Intraparticle aluminium concentration profiles measured by electron microprobe exhibited no significant gradient of the intercalate in the intercalated region, indicating that the intercalation process was not limited by diffusion of the intercalate into the interspaces of the graphites.
The chemical distribution business has traditionally consisted of a more or less one-way flow of information and products channeled through the distributor's organization. Changes in the industry require more integral service-oriented models to meet current needs. Distributors become
both the supplier's and the customer's partner in the supply chain management, with an awareness of their partners' key objectives and strategies. The European chemical distribution market is highly fragmented. In order to be able to provide the required broad range of services and to run
the business on a sustainable economic basis, the distribution operations must exceed a critical minimal size. Therefore a consolidation tends to shift towards larger distributors with broader services and product ranges. The competitive supplier in the chemical distribution business must
provide a complete service. The following activities are viewed as essential elements of this integral service: Storage and materials handling, transportation, dispensing and refilling operations (if necessary in clean rooms under cGMP conditions), mixing and blending operations, tailor-made
labeling, recovery and disposal service, quality control support, and last but not least experts advising the customer on chemical, technical, application, safety, logistical and commercial issues. Chemical distributors represent and serve important sectors of the chemical industry's value
chain.
A brief background of the (pharmaceutical) fine chemicals market is given. Based on the requirements of the market, the critical design parameters of a cGMP multipurpose plant are discussed. A model is presented which describes the relative influence of various key-cost factors on the
overall performance of the plant. The reference facility used in this study is the cGMP multipurpose plant which is currently being constructed at the Rohner site in Pratteln, Switzerland. The impact of selected technical parameters (reactor volume, campaign size, change-overtime, etc.)
on the performance of the plant is discussed. In view of a high labor cost situation (e.g. Switzerland), the relevance of the capital investment costs versus labor costs is investigated. A benchmark comparison is made with five different cGMP multipurpose plants which compares
the capital investment costs with the capacity.
Die Kinetik der Intercalation einiger natürlicher und synthetischer Graphitproben durch AlCl3 in Gegenwart von C12 wird im Temp.‐ Bereich 500‐660 K untersucht.
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