CBCT has a low effective dose in the same order of magnitude as conventional dental radiographs. CBCT has numerous potential applications in the management of endodontic problems.

Conventional radiographs used for the management of endodontic problems yield limited information because of the two-dimensional nature of images produced, geometric distortion and anatomical noise. These factors often act in combination. This review paper assesses the limitations of periapical radiographs and seeks to clarify three-dimensional imaging techniques that have been suggested as adjuncts to conventional radiographs. These include tuned aperture computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, computed tomography and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Of these techniques, CBCT appears to be an effective and safe way to overcome some of the problems associated with conventional radiographs.

This is the published version of a paper published in Dento-Maxillo-Facial Radiology.Citation for the original published paper (version of record):Horner, K., Islam, M., Flygare, L., Tsiklakis, K., Whaites, E. (2009) Basic principles for use of dental cone beam computed tomography: consensus guidelines of the European Academy of Dental and Maxillofacial Radiology.. Dento

This is the largest review of duct strictures to be reported. It has shown that ductal stricture formation accounts for almost 25% of cases of benign salivary obstruction and appears to have been an under-recognized condition. Strictures more commonly affect parotid ducts and are typically found in the fourth, fifth or sixth decades, particularly in women.

PF and DR enable diagnosis of periapical disease existence, but not of its nature; while ultrasound underestimates the extent of disease, but can provide accurate information on the pathological nature of the lesion.