Land‐use change is the most important driver of biodiversity loss worldwide and particularly so in the tropics, where natural habitats are transformed into large‐scale monocultures or heterogeneous landscape mosaics of largely unknown conservation value. Using birds as an indicator taxon, we evaluated the conservation value of a landscape mosaic in northeastern Madagascar, a biodiversity hotspot and the center of global vanilla production. We assessed bird species richness and composition by conducting point counts across seven prevalent land‐use types (forest‐ and fallow‐derived vanilla agroforests, woody and herbaceous fallow that are part of a shifting cultivation system, rice paddy, forest fragment and contiguous old‐growth forest). We find that old‐growth forest had the highest species richness, driven by a high share of endemics. Species richness and community composition in forest‐derived vanilla agroforest were similar to forest fragment, whereas fallow‐derived vanilla agroforest was most comparable to woody fallow. The open land‐use types herbaceous fallow and rice paddy had fewest species. Across forest fragments, vanilla agroforests, and woody fallows, endemic bird species richness was positively correlated to landscape‐scale forest cover. We conclude that both fallow‐ and forest‐derived vanilla agroforests play an important but contrasting role for bird conservation: Fallow‐derived agroforests are less valuable but take fallow land out of the shifting cultivation cycle, possibly preventing further degradation. Conversely, forest‐derived agroforests contribute to forest degradation but may avoid total loss of tree cover from forest fragments. Considering the land‐use history of agroforests may thus be a promising avenue for future research beyond the case of vanilla. Abstract in Malagasay is available with online material

No abstract

Bushmeat consumption and trade plays a relevant role in many tropical countries as a source of protein and income for rural populations. In Madagascar, rural populations depend heavily on natural resources and wildlife as source of income and protein. The bushpig (Potamochoerus larvatus) is the largest mammal available in the island and regularly hunted. However, little is known about the importance and characteristics of this activity and its implication as a potential source of pathogens for both humans and domestic animals. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014–2015 in five different regions of rural Madagascar suspected to have significant bushpig populations to (i) quantify and characterize the importance of bushpig hunting, (ii) assess the socioeconomic impact of bushpig trade, (iii) evaluate the potential pathogen transmission between bushpigs, domestic pigs and humans. A total of 77 hunters, 10 butchers and 95 pig farmers were individually interviewed. Hunting seasonality and the perception of local hunters with regards to the dynamics of bushpig populations in the last decade differed between the tropical dry and tropical sub-arid climatic zones. The top reason for hunting bushpigs was crop protection but personal consumption and selling of meat were also common. Hunting efficacy was largely dependent on the technique used. Snares and traps, the most widely used techniques, allowed the majority of hunters to catch from one to 10 bushpigs per year. Limited commercial bushpig trade was observed with only 0.8 bushpig sold in average per year and per hunter, representing a 16 USD income. The average price per kilo sold was USD 0.8 and the average profit received by each butcher/collector after the sale of a carcass was USD 11.9. No perception of disease risks nor precautions were taken to prevent potential pathogen transmission from bushpig to humans or pigs. Most of the hunters (68%) indicated that they had never seen a diseased bushpig. Bushpig hunting in our study areas in Madagascar was basically a small-scale subsistence hunting, very different from commercial bushmeat hunting described in areas of Central Africa or the Amazon Basin. More research is needed to verify the sustainability of bushpig hunting and its potential role in terms of reducing pressure on other endemic wildlife species and transmitting pathogens to humans and pigs.

Le potamochère, Potamochoerus larva- tus, est un réservoir sauvage potentiel de maladies enzootiques à Madagascar. Parmi celles-ci, la peste porcine africaine (Ppa) est une des plus inquiétantes. Diag- nostiquée dans ce pays depuis 1998, cette maladie virale majeure d’un point de vue socio-économique est inféodée aux suidés et y est encore aujourd’hui très répandue. La caractérisation des voies de transmission du virus entre pota- mochères et porcs domestiques est une étape préliminaire indispensable à la mise en œuvre d’une prophylaxie sani- taire contre la Ppa. Cette étude a pour objectif de préciser le risque de transmis- sion de la maladie entre potamochères et porcs domestiques dans les savanes périphériques du Parc national de l’Anka- rafantsika, dans le Nord-Ouest de Mada- gascar, où sont présents de nombreux élevages porcins. La méthode des Indices kilométriques d’abondance a permis de mettre en évidence une augmentation significative de l’abondance de ces sui- dés sauvages hors de la forêt durant la période de fructification de Strychnos spi- nosa. Le risque de transmission de la Ppa durant cette période apparaît donc plus élevé dans les sites où sont présents ces arbustes. Sur le plan épidémiologique, la maturité et l’occupation spatiale de S. spinosa peuvent servir d’indicateurs de présence du potamochère dans l’ouest de Madagascar. Son utilisation pour adapter les pratiques d’élevage dans une optique de réduction des contacts pourrait limiter le risque de contamination potentielle par le virus de la Ppa ou d’autres agents pathogènes transmis par les suidés sauvages.

To determine the mating system of the endemic Helmet Vanga Euryceros prevostii in Madagascar, its nest-building behavior was studied from 27 September to 11 October 2015 on the Masoala Peninsula, Northeastern Madagascar. We found one nest which was open cup-shaped placed on the horizontal branch of a tree. Two birds were individually identified through differences in the spot and shape of the mandible. The two birds (probably male and female) made the nest. This result suggests that the Helmet Vanga is a socially monogamous species.