Background
Opening the neck through submental incision allows accurate management of deep neck structures and obtain exceptional neck contours.
Objectives
The authors aimed to evaluate the distribution of deep neck structures and investigate the detailed vascular anatomy of the submandibular gland.
Methods
A total of 26 fresh frozen cadaver heads (15 female, 11 male) were used. The authors evaluated the weights of the excised tissues simulating cosmetic resections including subcutaneous fat, subplatysmal fat, anterior belly of digastric muscle and submandibular glands. The vascular supply of the submandibular gland and intracapsular vessel diameters were also investigated.
Results
While female cadavers had greater mean tissue weight removed from the supraplatysmal plane (mean 20.9 g, 56.6%) than subplatysmal plane (16 g, 43.4%), male cadavers had higher mean tissue weight removed from subplatysmal plane (10.5 g, 60.7%) than supraplatysmal plane (mean 6.8 g, 39.3%). The mean subcutaneous (6.8 g) and subplatysmal (6.4 g) fat weights were almost equal in male cadavers, mean subcutaneous fat weight (20.9g) was 3 times higher than subplatysmal fat weight (6.8 g) in female cadavers. There was a statistically significant relationship between body mass index and fat removed. The intraglanduler vessel diameters increased as resections approached the main feeding vessels located posterosuperior (facial artery) and anterosuperior (submental artery) of the submandibular gland.
Conclusions
The results suggest that in order to achieve exceptional neck contour, the structures deep to platysma often need to be addressed. The submandibular gland reduction can be safely performed with comprehensive understanding of its vascular anatomy.
This study was carried out to investigate the effect of coal clinker used in briquette production on physical and mechanical properties of briquettes. To do this, seven briquette classes were formed by changing the volume of coal clinker and all-in aggregates and porous briquettes were produced for each class according to Turkish Codex no. 406 (TS 406) and tested. Increasing ratio of coal clinker volume affected the compressive strength and water absorption of the briquettes negatively. As for the dimensional changes, bulk densities, losses due to freezing-thawing, and heat conductivity decreased and were affected positively. It was concluded that coal clinkers might be used in briquette production in certain ratio to make them profitable and lessen their adverse effects on the environment.
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