The effects of smoke solutions derived from wheat straw on the germination, seedling growth characteristics, and biochemical content of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) were examined in this study. The smoke solutions were applied to petri and pot media at different concentrations. Both experiments were conducted in a randomized plot design with 3 replications. In the pot experiments, the smoke solutions were applied through the initial irrigation at 5 different concentrations (1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40%) while 6 concentrations were used for petri experiments (0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 8%, 10%) and results were compared to a control (distilled water). The smoke solutions increased root and shoot growth but decreased the germination rate and speed of grass pea in both media. In general, there were positive outcomes for the investigated traits with moderate concentrations of solution, but negative outcomes with low and high concentrations. The smoke solution treatments improved the shoot dry weighs, K, and protein contents, but decreased the acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber contents and the toxic component oxalyldiaminopropionic acid (ODAP). Accordingly, the smoke solutions stimulated the development of grass pea and promising outcomes were achieved in terms of high protein and low ODAP contents, which are the main targets of grass pea breeding studies. It was concluded, based on the present findings, that smoke solutions derived from wheat straw could be used as an environmentally friendly practice in grass pea culture to increase yield and quality. However, it should be kept in mind that concentration was a critical issue for ensuring the expected outcomes.
In this study, sorghum-sudangrass hybrid 'Aneto' and legumes (soybean and cowpea) intercropping at different seed rates (100:100; 50:100, 100:50) were examined for hay yield, protein content, protein yield, relative feed value (RFV) and mineral content (P, K, Mg, Ca) in 2013 and 2014. As legume Yesilsoy (Syes) and Yemsoy (Syem) verieties of soybean and Ulkem (C) varietiy of cowpea were used. Sorghum-sudangrass hybrid x legume intercropping produced higher hay and protein yield compare to their monocrops. RFV of hay also exalted with intercropping copmpare to alone sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (S). Over the years, the highest hay yield was obtained from S intercropped with Syes at 100:100 (21.61 t ha-1), 100:50 (20.68 t ha-1) seed rates and with C at 50:100 (20.40 t ha-1) seed rate. Protein yield was the highest in 100S:100Syes tratment in 2013 (2.16 t ha-1), 2014 (2.85 t ha-1) and combined years (2.50 t ha-1). However, S intercropping with C at 100:100, 50:100 (in 2013) and at 50:100 (in 2014) seed rates were at par with 100S:100Syes. This study indicated that seed rate and species or variety selection extremly important in mixture cropping. Thus, generally sorghum-sudangrass hybrid and 'Yesilsoy' variety of soybean at 100:100 seed rate exhibited the best results in regarding hay and protein yield in the present conditions.
Since Hungarian vetch has semi-decumbent stem, it is commonly grown in mixture to prevent lodging of plants. Hungarian vetch, barley, wheat and triticale were sown as pure and in vetch-cereal mixtures (70:30, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60) and harvested at two periods (pure cereals and mixtures were harvested at flowering and milk-dough stage of cereals; pure vetch was harvested at flowering and initial pod-set). Barley in all mixtures had negative impacts on development of Hungarian vetch. Considering hay yields, crude protein yields and land equivalent ratios, it was concluded that 70% Hungarian vetch + 30% triticale and 60% Hungarian vetch + 40% triticale mixtures under terrestrial climate sown in fall and harvested at milk-dough stage of triticale were advantageous.
Fifty-two grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) genotypes were investigated in terms of agronomic performance, protein and ODAP (b-N-oxalyl-l-diamino-propionic acid) content under semi-arid conditions of Inner Anatolia during 2013 and 2014. High variation was observed among genotypes, especially for seed yield and ODAP content. Seed yield ranged from 1142.4 kg/ha up to 2046.4 kg/ha with a mean of 1521.1 kg/ha, ODAP content in seed varied from 2.62 mg/g up to 5.59 mg/ g with an average of 3.85 mg per g and seed protein ratio was between 26.77% and 30.20% over the genotypes and years. A significant and negative correlation of ODAP was noted with seed yield (r = -0.38). This association is very encouraging for breeders to improve new varieties having high seed yield and low ODAP content. The results from this study indicated that ten grass pea genotypes consisting two ICARDA lines and eight landraces from Turkey recorded superior with low ODAP content and and high seed yield (changed between 1680.9 kg/ha and 2046.4 kg/ha). So, these may be potential candidates for new varieties.
In this study, secondary metabolite amounts of leaf samples belonging to 12 different Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H. Stirtion genotypes were determined at the beginning of growth, budding and at the beginning of flowering periods. Leaf samples belonging to B. bituminosa genotypes were dried under natural conditions and extracted using a microwave system (NEOS). Furanocumarins (psoralen and angelicin), isoflavonoids (daidzein, genistein) and isoflovan glycosides (daidzin and genistin) obtained by LC-MS / MS. While the secondary metabolite contents determined in B. bituminosa differed among growth periods, genotype difference was found to be more effective on these metabolite contents. As a result, all genotypes performed remarkably in terms of secondary metabolites. Besides, the number 12 genotype (Samsun-Kavak) was prominent in terms of angelicin, daidzein, genistein, daidzin, and genistin compared to the other genotypes.
Türkiye de kaliteli kaba yem üretimini artırmanın yanında, üretilen yemi hayvanların tüketeceği zamana kadar en az kalite kaybı ile muhafaza etmek çok önemlidir. Bu noktada ülkemizde hem üretilen yem bitkisi türlerinin arttırılması, hem de yeni türlerin silaj yapım tekniklerinin ortaya konulması gereklidir. Bu çalışmada hindibanın (Cichorium intybus L.) "H" ak üçgül (Trifolium repens L) "AÜ" veya domuz ayrığı (Dactylis glomerata L.) "DA" ile karışımlarının (% 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60 ve 20:80) silaj kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bitkiler silaj amacıyla hasat edildikten sonra 2 cm boyutunda parçalanmıştır. Daha sonra vakum poşetlerine doldurularak 25±2 o C'de 45 gün süre ile silolanmıştır. Silo örneklerinde 45. gün sonunda kuru madde oranı, pH, ham protein oranı, laktik asit, asetik asit, bütürik asit oranı ile potasyum, fosfor, kalsiyum, magnezyum, sodyum, demir, mangan, çinko, bakır ve molibden içerikleri belirlenmiştir. Silajların Flieg puanı 75.60 ile 99.62 arasında değişmiş ve silajlar iyi ve pekiyi kalite sınıfında yer almıştır. En yüksek ham protein oranı yalın ak üçgül (% 19.11), % 40H+60AÜ (% 18.26) ve % 20H+80AÜ (% 18.39), en düşük ise % 12.11 ile yalın domuz ayrığı silajında belirlenmiştir. Silajlarda asetik ve bütürik asit sırasıyla % 0.048-0.224 ve % 0.002-0.015 arasında değişmiştir. En yüksek laktik asit oranı % 3.088 (yalın domuz ayrığı), % 2.925 (% 20H+80DA), % 2.739 (% 20H+80AÜ) ve % 2.811 (% 40H+60AÜ) olmuştur. Mineral içerikler bakımından hindiba ile ak üçgül karışımları daha üstün performans göstermiştir. Buna göre tüm silaj kalite özellikleri birlikte değerlendirildiğinde; hindibanın ak üçgül ile 40:60 ve 20:80 karışımlarından elde edilen silajların daha iyi olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
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