The interest in application of biocatalysis during natural milk fat flavours development has increased rapidly and lipases have become the most studied group in the development of bovine milk fat flavours. Lipozyme-435, Novozyme-435 and Thermomyces lanuginosus Immobilized (TL-IM) lipases were used to hydrolyze anhydrous milk fat (AMF) and anhydrous buffalo milk fat (ABF) and their volatile flavouring compounds were identified by solid-phase micro-extraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) and then compared at three hydrolysis intervals. Both AMF and ABF after lipolysis produced high amount of butanoic and hexanoic acids and other flavouring compounds; however, highest amount were produced by Lipozyme-435 and Novozyme-435 followed by TL-IM. The hydrolyzed products were assessed by Rancimat-743 for oxidative stability and found both that, for AMF and ABF treated butter oil, Lipozyme-435 and TL-IM were generally more stable compared to Novozyme-435. For both AMF and ABF treated butter oil, Lipozyme-435 was observed to cause no further oxidation consequences which indicates Lipozyme-435 was stable during hydrolysis at 55°C for 24 h.

The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition, nutritional properties and antioxidant activity of Monkey apple methanol extract. Results expressed on dry matter basis revealed the seeds contained the following: 2.74% protein, 15.86% crude fat, 7.67% crude fiber, 468.74kcal, 82.01% moisture content, 5.72% ash, 88.98% carbohydrate. The seeds further contained considerable amounts of minerals and vitamins as follows: 14.14mg/100g for iron, 2.37mg/100g for potassium, 1434.38mg/100g for manganese, 82.71mg/100g for magnesium, 185.49mg/100g for calcium, 28.33mg/kg for ascorbic acid, 13.33mg/kg for thiamine and 55.83mg/kg for pyridoxine. Furthermore, it was found out that both the seeds and pulps were also rich in the following: 297.49-304.94mg QE/100g for total flavonoids, 2086.98-2304.72mgGAE/100g for total phenolics, 1.6-96400mg/kg for citric acid, 5880-9280mg/kg for malic acid, 960-1040mg/kg for tartaric acid, 30.8-38.8mg/kg for fumaric acids, 232-660mg/100g for oxalates, 1186.67-1320mg/100g for phytic acid and 130.23-515.23mg/100g for tannins. The seeds and pulp oils were also found to be rich in unsaturated fatty acids ranging from 46.27-50.21%. Our results therefore demonstrate that Monkey apple could serve as supplementary source of essential nutrient and antioxidant components with health benefits.

In this study, pentacyclic triterpenoids (PTTs) were extracted from loquat leaves by subcritical water extraction (SWE) technique in a dynamic mode. The results revealed that PTTs yield increased up to 5.38±0.12 mg/g with the increasing temperature at 180 °C for corosolic acid (CA) and up to 7.20±0.11 mg/g at 200 °C for ursolic acid (UA) within experimental times. The optimum flow rates to obtain concentrated CA and UA extracts were found to be 33.33 and 41.67 mL/min, respectively. Furthermore, extraction temperatures strongly influenced the extraction rate as demonstrated by the rate constant of each temperature tested. Moreover, the kinetic rate constant decreased as the function of temperature indicating the yield of both CA and UA were significantly influenced by subcritical temperatures and extraction times.

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