The COVID-19 pandemic has had an emotional impact on healthcare professionals at different levels of care, and it is important to understand the levels of anxiety of hospital personnel (HP) compared to those of primary care personnel (PCP). The objectives herein were to assess the differences in anxiety levels between these populations and to detect factors that may influence them. The anxiety levels (measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale) of the HP and PCP groups were compared using data collected from a cross-sectional study. The secondary variables included demographic and health data, confinement factors, contact with COVID-19 patients, having suffered from COVID-19, perceptions of protection, caregiver overload, threat, and satisfaction with management. We found anxiety “case” (35.6%) and “at-risk” (21%), with statistically significant differences in the group “at risk”, and higher scores in the PCP group. The factors associated with the perception of threat and protection were significant determinants of an increase in anxiety, with all of them showing statistically significant differences. There were greater symptoms of anxiety in the PCP group than the HP group (32% vs. 18%). The factors associated with the prevalence of anxiety symptoms were the perceptions of threat, protection, management, caregiver overload, and perceived degree of threat associated with COVID-19.
Reproductive allocation (RA), the proportion of total resources that are invested in reproductive structures, is a key component of plant life histories. A major methodological issue is to identify the allocation currency that better estimates RA: biomass, energy or some mineral nutrient. Despite considerable effort to ascertain whether biomass could serve as an integrated estimate of the allocation of other resources, no clear guideline has emerged from the currency issue. Here, we reappraised this problem at an interspecific scale. We compiled a data base of 38 studies that estimated RA in terms of two or more different resources for 82 plant species. We tested the equivalence of allocation currencies by means of both bi‐ and multivariate correlations among currencies. We also tested for differences in allocation patterns between growth forms. RA was estimated in 18 different currencies, including biomass, energy and 16 mineral nutrients. Nitrogen, P, K, Mg and Ca were the main nutrients used as allocation currency. Growth form accounted for 20–30% of differences in the resource allocation of multiple resources. The six resources most frequently used as estimates RA were roughly equivalent at an interspecific scale. Nevertheless, covariation patterns among currencies suggested that RA in plants should be better considered as a multivariate trait and not estimated using a single currency. In particular, multivariate estimates of RA can contribute to the ongoing comparative studies of life histories and functional traits, and can shed light on resource allocation within flowers.
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