HLA class I and II glycoproteins from transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and from perineoplastic and healthy vesical mucosa were characterized together with infiltrating cells by means of immunochemistry using specific monoclonal antibodies on frozen sections obtained during resection or radical cystectomy. Specimens were taken from 11 patients with TCC and five with healthy bladder mucosa. Four patients with TCC and four with healthy mucosa had been previously treated with a course of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Ten out of 11 TCC samples expressed class I glycoproteins with a membrane pattern (diffuse in seven, focal in three) as normal epithelial cells from either controls or perineoplastic bladder. Interestingly, eight out of 11 TCC samples expressed class II antigens on their membrane that were also present in six cases in the perineoplastic tissue while the epithelial cells from four out of five normal bladders were completely negative. The epithelial display of class II antigens in the non-neoplastic areas and in the normal bladder correlates (p less than 0.001) with the degree of cellular infiltrate while such a relationship was not found between the HLA II expression of neoplastic cells and the infiltrate. BCG treatment was associated with a higher amount of inflammatory cells, prevalently T "activated" cells (CD5+,DR+), with a CD4/CD8 ratio always greater than 1. In the light of the role played by HLA glycoproteins in immune mechanisms, these results could help explain the positive action of BCG and the relative immunosensitivity of TCC.
Hochschullernwerkstätten in der DigitalitätVerlag Julius Klinkhardt Bad Heilbrunn • 2021 Dieser Titel wurde in das Programm des Verlages mittels eines Peer-Review-Verfahrens aufgenommen. Für weitere Informationen siehe www.klinkhardt.de. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen National bibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet abrufbar über http://dnb.d-nb.de.
Le persone con dislessia evolutiva hanno caratteristiche specifiche di apprendimento che le portano ad avere difficoltà di lettura permanenti e, in modo più evidente, nelle prime fasi di scolarizzazione. In passato tali difficoltà si imputavano, erroneamente, alla pigrizia dell’alunno e al suo scarso impegno, provocando ricadute emotive sullo studente e la sua famiglia. La Legge 170/2010 ha finalmente riconosciuto dislessia, disgrafia, disortografia e discalculia come Disturbi Specifici di Apprendimento (DSA) e, negli ultimi anni, sono stati emanati diversi provvedimenti al fine di garantire a tutti gli studenti che presentano difficoltà non ordinarie la piena partecipazione alla vita scolastica e di offrire adeguate e personalizzate risposte pedagogiche. È dunque fondamentale che gli insegnanti sappiano prontamente riconoscere i segnali di DSA, non certo per formulare diagnosi, ma per mettere in atto interventi di potenziamento didattico e, in caso di certificazione clinica, strumenti, misure, strategie specifiche e inclusive per favorire la realizzazione delle potenzialità e l’autonomia nello studio. Il volume, con uno sguardo pedagogico e didattico, approfondisce le problematiche legate alla dislessia, presentando le risorse a disposizione di studenti e insegnanti, gli strumenti compensativi e le forme di individualizzazione dei processi di insegnamento/apprendimento.
Inflammatory pseudotumor (IP) is a benign uncommon tumour with uncertainly aetiology. Aetiology may be an inflammatory process due to small traumas, surgery, or malignancy. Some studies showed that patients affected by IP were also affected by wide vasculities and genetics abnormalities, strengthening the hypothesis of an aetiology of this disease from an autoimmune pathology or a true tumour respectively. The bladder localization is the most frequently localisation in the genital-urinary apparatus, while the kidney localization is very uncommon. The IP consist of inflammatory and myofibroblastic cells.
Material and Methods
A 69 years old affected with inhomogeneous mass in the right kidney of about 8 cm, calcify lymph-node of the mesentery of about 28 mm.
Results
The patient was undergone to right nephrectomy and removal of mesenteric lymph-node. Histological issue showed a renal cells carcinoma G2 associated to IP. Mesenteric lymph-node with ossification and associated to IP.
Conclusions
This case is interesting for the simultaneous finding of the IP placed to right kidney and mesenteric lymph-node. Similar wide IP have already described in other studies like true tumour with more biological aggressivity. The differential diagnosis of IP with other neoformations is still difficult. We consider an optimal indication to perform a radical surgery therapy in any case, because IP may be associated with a malignancy and because sometime IP may increases progressively its aggressiveness. The histological diagnosis achieved by bioptical sample may be risky because biopsy cannot exclude all doubt about the existence of a mixed neoformations with IP and malignancy like our case.
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