The use of vegetable oils (VOs) to replace petroleum derivatives is very interesting. This is due to the advantages of VOs, which are relatively biodegradable and renewable. The VOs containing high unsaturated fatty acid, such as Tung oil, soybean oil, rubber oil are very potential materials for biopolymers, which can be reacted further into epoxy, polyols, and even polymers. The kinetic of epoxidation of Tung oil by peroxyacetic acid produced in-situ process was studied. In this study, the formation of peroxyacetic acid was considered as rate determining step, which controlled the overall reaction rate. The process was conducted in batch reaction at atmospheric pressure, constant mixing rate and constant ratio of raw material to acetic acid. The temperature was varied at 40, 50, 60, and 70°C. The reaction samples were taken at specific time during 2-4 hours of reaction. The result shows that the proposed simple kinetics model fits appropriately at lower reaction temperature, but does not agree at higher temperature (more than 60°C). The reaction rate constants is in the range of (3.307–9.634) × 10−6 L.mol−1.s−1, in which its collision factor and activation energy are 286,768 gram.mol−1.min−1 and 30,900 Joule/mol, respectively.

Tung oil with an iodine value (IV) of 99.63 g I2/100 g was epoxidized in-situ with glacial acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), in the presence sulfuric acid as catalyst. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of mole ratio of H2O2 to unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), reaction time and catalyst concentration in Tung oil epoxidation. The reaction kinetics were also studied. Epoxidation was carried out for 4 h. The reaction rates and side reactions were evaluated based on the IV and the conversion of the epoxidized Tung oil to oxirane. Catalytic reactions resulted in higher reaction rate than did non-catalytic reactions. Increasing the catalyst concentration resulted in a large decrease in the IV and an increase in the conversion to oxirane at the initial reaction stage. However, higher catalyst concentration in the epoxidation reaction caused to a decrease in reaction selectivity. The mole ratio of H2O2 to UFA had an influence identical to the catalyst concentration. The recommended optimum mole ratio and catalyst concentration in this study were 1.6 and 1.5%, respectively. The highest conversion was 48.94% for a mole ratio of 1.6. The proposed kinetic model provided good results and was suitable for all variations in reaction temperature. The activation energy (Ea) values were around 5.7663 to 76.2442 kcal/mol. Copyright © 2020 BCREC Group. All rights reserved

Epoxidation of the unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) in Tung oil provides a very interesting opportunity in the research and development of advanced materials. Tung oil is one of non-edible vegetable oils and epoxidized Tung oil (ETO) also provides benefits in terms of renewable and eco-friendly. This research evaluated the influences of acetic acid's molar ratio to UFA and stirring velocity in the epoxidation process of Tung oil. Epoxidation was carried out in a batch reactor using peroxyacetic acid produced in-situ with sulfuric acid as a catalyst. This reaction was run at a temperature of 60 °C and the catalyst concentration of 1.5% (w) for 4 hours, with a periodic 30-minutes sampling time interval. The samples' analyses were iodine value (IV), conversion to oxirane, selectivity, and FTIR spectrometry. The results showed that both the molar ratio of acetic acid to UFA and stirring velocity were directly proportional to the conversion to oxirane, and inversely proportional to the IV. In contrast, the two process variables did not show a definite result that can be interpreted to the selectivity (very fluctuated). The highest conversion (about 57.43%) and the lowest IV (8.3898 g I2/100 g) were obtained at a 1:1 ratio for the reaction times of 150 and 240 minutes, respectively.

The productive unemployment rate in Central Java is quite high, of which 13.5% are vocational graduates. Entrepreneurship can be a solution to reduce productive unemployment. However, to run entrepreneurship requires strong interest and motivation. This community service is carried out to increase the entrepreneurial spirit of students at SMK Muhammadiyah 4 Surakarta. The implementation stages include analysis of partner problems, data collection, presentation and training, filling out post-socialization questionnaires, and evaluating the results of the implementation. Tips and tricks, challenges and obstacles, the importance of motivation in entrepreneurship are the main material presented in the presentation. In the training, students make business plans based on their individual choices. The percentage of consideration in the business field choosing is dominated by the suitability of majors in SMK (about 40%) and the trend that is developing (20%). While, the reasons for the suitability of hobbies, family background and others are 18%, 14%, and 8%, respectively. The students' understanding and interest in entrepreneurship increased significantly. This increase can be seen from the change in the percentage of students' plans after graduation. The number of students who wish to work in agencies or companies is around 70% (before socialization) and about 30% (after socialization). The number of students interested in entrepreneurship increased from 15% to 68%. These results show that the students' interest has shifted from "becoming an employee" to "becoming an entrepreneur".