Germination, emergence and seedling growth are considerably restricted by salinity. The study aimed to compare safflower with sunflower during germination and seedling growth for tolerance to salinity. Four safflower cultivars (Asol, Balcı, Linas and Olas) and sunflower hybrids (Esbella, Oliva, Cartago and C-180) were subjected to various NaCl levels (control, 5, 10 and 15 dS m -1 ) and their seedling growth and ion concentration were investigated. Classification for salinity tolerance was performed by a combination of Principal Component (PCA) and Cluster Analysis considering germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT), vigor index (VI), Na + and Na:K ratio in seedlings. The results elicited that genotypes exhibited varying responses to salinity, MGT significantly prolonged and a dramatic reduction in seedling growth of sunflower was observed. The highest seedling fresh weight was observed in Esbella among sunflower and Asol among safflower and, Na + concentration of seedlings increased with increasing salinity levels. The safflower seedlings absorbed a higher Na + than that of sunflower. Safflower cv. Balcı had the highest Na + concentration in seedling and it maintains its ion balance (Na:K ratio) at all levels of NaCl. Cluster analysis revealed that there were two groups for salinity tolerance, and the safflower cultivars were apparently more salt-tolerant than sunflower hybrids.
This study was carried out to determine the efficiency of nitrogen (N) doses (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg N ha −1 ) under supplemental potassium (K) application (50 kg K 2 O ha −1 ) on black cumin in 2011 and 2012. The results showed that increased N levels resulted in increasing seed yield and N and K contents in seed, while oil content decreased. The seed yield and oil yield were peaked at the doses of 60 kg N ha −1 and 50 kg K ha −1 . An increase in N doses caused a reduction in oil content regardless of K supply. Saturated fatty acids and oleic acid were slightly increased by K application, while minor changes in linoleic acid were detected. It was concluded that 60 kg N ha −1 with supplemental K application should be advised for enhancement in seed yield, oil yield, and N and K contents in seeds of black cumin without significant changes in fatty acid composition.
Öz: Bu çalışma, bazı aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.) çeşitlerinin (Asol, Balcı, Linas ve Olas) kök ve sap kısımlarından elde edilen farklı dozlardaki (Kontrol, 12.5, 25.0 ve 50.0 g/L) solüsyonların arpa (Hordeum vulgare) ve buğdayın (Triticum aestivum) çimlenme ve fide gelişimi üzerine allelopatik etkileri ile aspir üzerine ototoksik etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çimlenme yüzdesi (%), çimlenme hızı (gün), kök ve sürgün uzunluğu (cm), fide yaş ve kuru ağırlığı (g/bitki) ile kuru madde oranı (%) incelenmiştir. Ayrıca hazırlanan solüsyonların elektriksel iletkenlik (EC) ve pH değerleri de belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, sap solüsyonlarının EC değeri daha yüksek, pH değerleri ise daha düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bitkilerin çimlenme yüzdesi ve hızında aspir çeşitlerine, bitki kısımlarına ve dozlara göre belirgin bir azalış veya artış elde edilmemiştir. Aspirde allelopatik ve ototoksik etkilerin sap kısmından kaynaklandığı, aspir köklerinin ise incelenen bitkiler üzerine etkisinin olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Aspir çeşitlerinin allelopatik etkilerinin farklı olduğu ve Asol çeşidinin allelopatik ve ototoksik etkisinin daha az olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, aspir saplarının buğday ve arpa bitkilerinin fide gelişimi üzerine allelopatik etkisinin olduğu, Asol ve Linas çeşitlerinin ise diğer çeşitlere göre daha az zararlı etkisinin olduğu söylenebilir.
The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of salinity stresses (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mM of NaCl) on germination and early seedling growth of six cotton varieties (Lydia, Carisma, Flash, BA151, BA525 and ST468) under optimum (25°C) and low temperature (18°C) conditions. Germination percentage, mean germination time, germination index, germination stress tolerance index, seedling length, vigor index, seedling fresh and dry weight of cotton varieties were investigated. Results showed that low temperature led to decreasing in germination and seedling growth, and caused retardation of mean germination time. Under suboptimal temperature, germination percentage reduced from 86.3% to 77.8% and seedling length decreased from 12.02 cm to 5.36 cm. Each increase in salinity levels higher than 50 mM resulted in decreasing in germination and seedling growth parameters of cotton varieties. No seedling growth was observed at 250 mM of NaCl at 18°C. Cotton varieties showed different tolerance levels to salinity, while they could tolerate it up to 100 mM. It was concluded that Flash and ST468 varieties exhibited better performance under salinity stresses both at optimal and suboptimal temperatures.
This study aimed to determine a useful selection criterion for salt tolerance during the early development stage of sugar beet. Four sugar beet cultivars (Orthega, Valentina, FD Shoot, and Mohican) were exposed to NaCl stresses (Control, 5, 10, and 15 dS m -1 ), and morphological and physiological characteristics were investigated. Germination percentage, mean germination time (MGT), seedling length, and seedling fresh weight (SFW) in germination test; emergence percentage, mean emergence time (MET), root length, shoot length, plant fresh weight, relative chlorophyll content (Chl), relative water content (RWC) and electrolyte leakage of the plants grown in pod experiment were measured. The results showed that the maximum germination at control was recorded in FD Shoot, but it gave the lowest germination at 15 dS m -1 . In the pod experiment, the highest emergence rate was detected in Orthega and Mohican at all levels of NaCl. Increased salinity delayed MET and led to reduction in shoot length, root length, and RWC of sugar beet cultivars. Relative Chl content and electrolyte leakage enhanced from 32.7 SPAD and 21.6% in control to 38.5 SPAD and 35.6% in 10 dS m -1 , respectively. In general, there were significant differences among sugar beet cultivars, and they could keep the salinity up to 5 dS m -1 in terms of the investigated traits. It was concluded that relative Chl content and electrolyte leakage should be used a promising clue for selection of tolerant or sensitive sugar beet cultivars for salinity.Özet: Bu çalışmada, erken gelişim döneminde şeker pancarının tuza toleransı için faydalı bir seçim kriteri belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. NaCl stresine (Kontrol, 5, 10 ve 15 dS m -1 ) maruz bırakılan dört şeker pancarı çeşidinde (Orthega, Valentina, FD Shoot ve Mohican) morfolojik ve fizyolojik özellikler incelenmiştir. Çimlenme testinde; çimlenme yüzdesi, ortalama çimlenme süresi, fide uzunluğu ve fide yaş ağırlığı, çıkış testinde; çıkış yüzdesi, ortalama çıkış süresi, kök uzunluğu, sürgün uzunluğu, bitki yaş ağırlığı, bağıl su içeriği, bağıl klorofil içeriği ve elektrolit sızıntısı ölçülmüştür. Sonuçlar, FD Shoot çeşidinde en yüksek çimlenmenin kontrol, en düşük çimlenmenin ise 15 dS m -1 seviyesinde kaydedildiğini göstermiştir. Çıkış testindeki tüm NaCl seviyelerinde en yüksek çıkış yüzdesi Orthega ve Mohican çeşitlerinde tespit edilmiştir. Artan NaCl seviyeleri ile şeker pancarı çeşitlerinde ortalama çıkış süresi gecikmiş ve sürgün uzunluğu, kök uzunluğu ve bağıl su içeriği azalmıştır. Bağıl klorofil içeriği ve elektrolit sızıntısı, kontrol ve 10 dS m -1 seviyelerinde sırasıyla 32,7 SPAD ve %21,6; 38,5 SPAD ve %35,6 olarak belirlenmiştir. Genel olarak, şeker pancarı çeşitleri arasında önemli farklılıklar bulunmuş ve incelenen özellikler açısından çeşitler 5 dS m -1 'e kadar olan tuzluluğa tolerans göstermişlerdir. Bağıl klorofil içeriği ve elektrolit sızıntısının, tuzluluğa toleranslı veya hassas şeker pancarı çeşitlerinin seçiminde umut verici bir ipucu olarak kullanılması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.
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