The Mondragon Cooperative Group reflects the effort to combine the basic objectives of business development in international markets with job creation, the use of democratic methods in the organisation of the business and a commitment to the development of its surrounding community. The multi-nationalisation of Mondragon cooperatives entails new dilemmas, paradoxes and contradictions regarding these objectives. This article analyses the case of the Mondragon cooperativemultinational Fagor Electrodomésticos. Following years of international expansion via foreign direct investment, the recent recession forced Fagor to institute radical job restructuring processes, both in the plants of the parent company in the Basque Country and in its European subsidiaries: the French company Fagor-Brandt and the former communist Polish firm Wrozamet. Finally, the Basque domestic appliance company, Fagor, declared bankruptcy in November 2013. Analysing the economical and organizational problems during the downfall of Fagor, and the measures taken to downsize employment in the Basques factories and in the foreign subsidiaries, helps us further our knowledge about the organisational characteristics of the Mondragon multinationals and reflect on the possibilities of extending the cooperative model to subsidiaries.
The aim of the following article is to contextualize the intense internatinal debate on Social Economy from the point of view of the relationship between it and the evolution of the welfare states. And so, the first section deals with the review of the main theoretical proposals that have tackled the study regarding the relationship between the thrid sector and the public sector with the view to establishing the links between the different notions of the third sector (Social Economy and Non‐profit Entities) and the welfare system of which these notions form part. In the second section, we outline the main lines of change that the welfare states are adopting and the resulting rebalance which is generated in each regimen between the third sector and the public sector with a view to fixing the main coordinates at which the new conceptual challenges of Social Economy are presented. The article ends with a section on conclusions and a number of considerations.
8. Garapen Iraunkorreko Helburuak (GIH) aski ezagunak diren kontzeptu sozioekonomiko sakonen alde egiten du, guztiontzako sustatu nahian hazkunde ekonomiko jarraitua, inklusiboa eta jasangarria, enplegu betea eta produktiboa nahiz lan duina. Artikulu honetan saiatu gara kontzeptu nagusi horien irakurketa egiten, lau atal desberdinduz (hazkunde ekonomiko jarraitua; enplegua eta lana; enplegu betea, eta lan duina). Gure balorazioa oso kritikoa izan da. Hazkunde ekonomiko jarraituari dagokionez, paradigma klasikoan mugitzen delako, Barne Produktu Gordina eta per capita errentaren inguruan. Tresna hauekin nekez berbideratuko da egungo eredu ekonomiko suntsitzailea ekonomia jasangarri bateruntz, pobrezia ezabatuz, helburuak dioen moduan. Per capita errenta neurtzaile oso mugatua da, desberdintasunak eta pobrezia neurtzeko ez du balio. Per capita errentaren alternatiba gisa, Giza Garapearen Indizea proposatuko genuke, 8. GIHak aintza hartu ez duena. Enplegu beteari dagokionez, egungo eredu liberala aldatu ezean, enplegua esparru ekonomikoko faktore produktiboa izanik oinarrizko giza eskubide baino gehiago, nekez joko dugu enplegu beterantz, kontrako norabidean goaz. Lan duina helburu desiragarria da, baina langileen lan-baldintzak merkatu logikaren barruan erabakitzen diren bitartean, ez goaz lan duina lortze aldera, historiak aski argi erakutsi digun bezala. Azken finean, GIHen enplegu eta lan helburuak ondo idatzita daude, baina beraien aldeko borondate politiko irmoa eta horren tamainako neurri juridikoak ez ditugu ikusten.
Urteetako esperientziak erakutsi duen bezala, tokian tokiko lurraldeetako garapen sozioekonomikoa erdieste aldera Ekonomia Sozial eta Solidarioa (ESS) akuilatzaile garrantzitsua izan daiteke. Zentzu honetan, tokiko garapena eta ESSren arteko harremanaz hausnartzen da lanaren hasieran. Baina ikusiko dugun bezala, paraleloki, tokiko erakundeek ESS sustatzeko duten politika publikoen kopuru eta aniztasuna handia da eta “bigarren belaunaldiko” gisa izendaturiko politikek ESSko esperientziak ernaltzeko aukera eskaintzen dute, tokiko garapen eta beharrei erantzun apropos bat ematen zaien bitartean. Artikulu honetan Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoan tokiko mailan diharduten eragileek hauspoturiko ESSko 16 esperientzien azterketa aurkezten da, bakoitzaren faktore bideratzaileak eta mugatzaileak arakatuz esperientziok beste lurraldeetan erreplikatu ahal izateko gakoak topatzeko asmoarekin.
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