Intraspecific communication is integral to the behavioural ecology of solitary carnivores, but observing and quantifying their communication behaviours in natural environments is difficult. Our systematic literature review found that basic information on scent marking is completely lacking for 23% of all felid species, and information on 21% of other felid species comes solely from one study of captive animals. Here we present results of the first systematic investigation of the scent marking behaviours of Sunda clouded leopards in the wild. Our observations using motion-triggered video cameras in Indonesian Borneo are novel for clouded leopards, and contrary to previous descriptions of their behaviour. We found that clouded leopards displayed 10 distinct communication behaviours, with olfaction, scraping, and cheek rubbing the most frequently recorded. We also showed that males make repeated visits to areas they previously used for marking and that multiple males advertise and receive information at the same sites, potentially enhancing our ability to document and monitor clouded leopard populations. The behaviours we recorded are remarkably similar to those described in other solitary felids, despite tremendous variation in the environments they inhabit, and close a key gap in understanding and interpreting communication behaviours of clouded leopards and other solitary felids.
The objective of this development research was to produce the learning materials of sequence and series based on interactive multimedia that were valid and practical to use for the student. This research type was Research and Development (R&D). The model used in this research was Plomp model consisting of three phases, namely preliminary research, prototype, and assessment. The instrument used questionnaire consisting of two types of questionnaires, the first expert validation questionnaire conducted by two material experts and two learning material design experts. The second, the student response questionnaire was conducted by 10 students of Vocational high School of Muhammadiyah 1 Metro. Based on the validations process were obtained the result that the average percentage of material experts was 82.01% in the very feasible category. The results of the assessment of students' response questionnaires was obtained the average percentage of 87.55% with a very practical category. Based on the exposure to the results of the validity and practicality test, it can be concluded that the learning materials of sequence and series based on interactive multimedia are valid and practical for learning.
Indonesia is one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots. It is estimated to be the home of 9.5% flowering plant species, making it the seventh country with the highest biodiversity. Plant data collection is necessary to ascertain the level of plant biodiversity, as such data help in conservation efforts and long-term management. One of the methods applied is the collection of plants, with the purpose to acquire as much data about its biological resources. The collected specimen are then gathered and processed into a herbarium to be used as an information source in managing biological resources. Unfortunately, there are some difficulties related to the making and management of a herbarium. Digital herbarium are one of the potential solutions to the limitations of the traditional herbarium. It is a collection of plant pictures, replete with every step of productivity (leaf, flower, fruit) and the main characteristics of the plant species. It is an effective method for the identification and collection of plant biodiversity in Indonesia. About 2149 plants have been gathered from Borneo, Seram, Waigeo, Flores and Sulawesi which consisted of 152 family, 512 genus, and 1,832 species, with a total of 30391 pictures of plant parts. From the experiment conducted on 672 specimens, it achieved 98.8 % accuracy on the family level and 80.1 % accuracy on the genus level, while the species level reached 78.8%. The results showed that digital herbarium can be used to conduct identification and data collection of plant biodiversity. Furthermore, this method is simple, cheap and relatively easier to conduct. The output is a catalog of plant species in specific areas, which provides better understanding about plant identification and biodiversity, enhances conservation practices, and provides better long-term protection for Indonesian plant biodiversity.
Melakukan pengambilan data lapangan, analisis data dan menulis naskah; DD, TMS, CDK: Mengarahkan, mengoreksi dan memberikan masukan untuk naskah; AJM: Membantu menganalisis data, mengarahkan, mengoreksi dan memberikan masukan untuk naskah dan COW: Mengarahkan, mengoreksi dan memberikan masukan untuk naskah.
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