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Water is an important environmental component for life. Heavy metal water pollution comes from many industries. Heavy Metals Copper (Cu) is one of several other heavy metals that are harmful to living things. One way to anticipate the increased pollution of heavy metals Copper (Cu) in waters is bioremediation using microalgae. This study aims to determine the ability of Spirulina plantesis in absorbing heavy metals Copper (Cu) and to determine the influence of heavy metal Copper (Cu) on the growth of Spirulina platensis. This study used an experimental method with Completely Randomized Design (RAL) consisting of four treatments and five replicates, namely A (S. platensis 0 ppm), B (S. platensis 1 ppm), C (S. platensis 3 ppm), D (S. Platensis 5 ppm). The results showed that Spirulina platensis was able to absorb heavy metal of Copper (Cu) so that it can be used as a heavy metal bioremediation agent. On treatment B (1 ppm) absorption of 87,719%, C (3 ppm) equal to 97,886% and D (5ppm) equal to 95,872 % Growth with the addition of Cu affects Spirulina platensis growth

Abstrak Probiotik dapat didefinisikan sebagai mikroba hidup yang ditambahkan dalam jumlah tertentu yang mampu bertahan hidup dalam ekosistem saluran pencernaan. Enzim yang dihasilkan oleh mikroba yang diisolasi dari saluran pencernaan ikan dapat digunakan sebagai probiotik. Enzim proteolitik ekstraseluler secara alami diproduksi oleh mikroba untuk menghidrolisis polipeptida dalam media menjadi peptida dan asam amino. Bakteri asam laktat dapat menghasil enzim seperti protease, α-amilase, fitase, kitinase, lipase. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan isolat bakteri asam laktat dari saluran pencernaan kepiting bakau (Scylla spp.) yang mempunyai aktivitas proteolitik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif berupa aktivitas enzimatis dan karakterisasi uji biokimia isolat bakteri asam laktat dari saluran pencernaan kepiting bakau (Scylla spp.). Jumlah kepiting bakau yang digunakan adalah 10 ekor. Hasil penelitian didapatkan tiga isolat bakteri asam laktat yang memiliki aktivitas proteolitik kuat, yaitu WK 28, WK 33, dan WK 53. Hasil uji biokimia isolat WK 28 termasuk ke dalam genus Pediococcus sp., isolat WK 33 termasuk ke dalam Lactobacillus sp., dan isolat WK 53 termasuk ke dalam genus Streptococcus sp. WK 28 (Pediococcus sp.) dan WK 33 (Lactobacillus sp.) mempunyai aktivitas proteolitik dan aktivitas lipolitik. Isolat WK 53 (Streptococcus sp.) mempunyai aktivitas enzimatis yaitu aktivitas proteolitik, amilolitik, dan lipolitik. Abstract Probiotics are defined as live microbes are added in a certain amount that is able to survive in the digestive tract ecosystem. Enzymes produced by microbes isolated from the digestive tract of fish can be used as probiotics. Extracellular proteolytic enzymes naturally produced by the microbes to hydrolyze a polypeptide in a media into peptides and amino acids. Lactic acid bacteria can produce enzymes such as proteases, α-amylase, phytase, chitinase, lipase. This study aims to get the lactic acid bacteria isolates from the gastrointestinal tract of mangrove crab (Scylla spp.) That have proteolytic activity. This research uses descriptive method such as enzymatic activity and biochemical characterization of isolates of lactic acid bacteria from the digestive tract of mangrove crab (Scylla spp.). Amount of mud crab used is 10 fish. The result showed three isolates of lactic acid bacteria that have a strong proteolytic activity, namely WK 28 WK 33 and WK 53. The results of biochemical tests WK 28 isolates belonging to the genus Pediococcus sp., Isolate WK 33 belonging to the Lactobacillus sp., And WK 53 isolates belonging to the genus Streptococcus sp. WK 28 (Pediococcus sp.) And WK 33 (Lactobacillus sp.) Have proteolytic activity and lipolytic activity. Isolates WK 53 (Streptococcus sp.) Have enzymatic activity is proteolytic activity, amylolytic, and lipolytic.

HighlightsTrends in the uses of Spirulina over different decades were critically examinedFindings from surveyed literature indicated that Spirulina utilization was mainly focused on its food and feed potential before the last 20-30 yearsThe review observed that research focused on the health and pharmaceutical uses, biofertilizer, bioplastic, cosmetic, bioenergy and pollution control applications of Spirulina are trends that sprouted out within the last 20-25 years.The review has successfully compiled numerous uses of Spirulina microalga for easy readership by readers since many studies have been performed on the uses Spirulina but reviews of this type spanning through different beneficial aspects of  Spirulina are still scarce. Hence, this review fills such gap.       AbstractThere is a need to have a single document that summarises the present day uses of Spirulina. In this review, the research trend on the health and other applications of Spirulina microalga was critically evaluated. In terms of the health uses, antioxidant, antibacterial, and immunostimulant effects of Spirulina were emphasized. Other uses of the microalga discussed include the use of Spirulina for human and animal food, bioenergy, pollution and ecotoxicology control, cosmetics, bioplastics and biofertilizers. Literature search revealed that Spirulina polysaccharides, phycocyanin size and content play a role in antioxidant activity and DNA repair. The double bonds and positions of –COOH and –OH in Spirulina phenol content and γ-linolenic fatty acids (γ-LFA) have antimicrobial activity. Some compounds in Spirulina improve immune, increase survival rate and enhance distribution of proteins like hepcidin and TNF-α in animal models. High protein, vitamins, fatty acids (FAs) and glycoproteins in Spirulina are easily digestible due to its lack of cellulose and can improve human and livestock growth. Spirulina produces biodegradable and non-toxic biodiesel and useful co-products. Absorption of heavy metals by chemisorption occurs in Spirulina. Phycocyanin and β-carotene of Spirulina increase skin health, Spirulina also cause high cell proliferation and aids wound healing. Bioplastics produced from Spirulina are biodegradable, non-toxic with high blends. Biofertilizers from Spirulina have little or no residual risks, adds soil Nitrogen through Spirulina Nitrogen fixation ability. In addition, the survey of published works on Spirulina for the past two decades indicates that more research is been carried out in recent years using Spirulina, especially studies involving its health potentials and those concerned with molecular analysis. In conclusion, Spirulina is an exceptional commodity with numerous applications, and probably, some of its compounds causing those effects are yet to be isolated and that is one area for further research.

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