Climate change is a phenomenon of environmental damage due to the increased intensity of carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere, which causes the surface temperature of the earth. The carbon dioxide emission is a form of environmental degradation caused by economic activities. This study analyzed the relationship of macroeconomic variables and the carbon dioxide emission in each of the four ASEAN countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand). The used of macroeconomic variables (GDP, trade openness, energy consumption, and the exchange rate) is shown to explain the carbon dioxide emission. In this study, Vector Auto regression Exogenous (VARX) method is used to analyze the impact of economic activities on the movement of carbon dioxide emissions. The data used time series with a vulnerable time of the year 1981-2013. The estimation results from these studies show that the GDP variable has the greatest contribution to the dynamics of carbon dioxide emissions in each ASEAN 4 countries. This empirical finding suggests that economic activity has an influence on the growth of carbon dioxide emissions.
AbstrakKonsentrasi dari aktivitas ekonomi secara spasial terutama pada industri, telah menjadi fenomena menarik untuk dianalisis. Adanya spesialisasi produk pada suatu wilayah akan menyebabkan terjadinya konsentrasi spasial pada suatu industri yang merujuk pada dua macam eksternalitas ekonomi yaitu, penghematan lokalisasi dan penghematan urbanisasi yang biasa disebut agglomeration economics. Agglomeration economies muncul karena sebuah industri akan memilih tempat dimana tempat tersebut akan menjamin proses produksi dalam jangka waktu yang lama. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi besaran kekuatan aglomerasi pada subsektor industri makanan, minuman, dan tembakau di wilayah Kabupaten Jember. Populasi penelitian ini adalah kecamatan di Kabupaten Jember tahun 2011-2015. Metode pengumpulan data adalah metode dokumentasi yang bersumber dari BPS dan Disperindag Kabupaten Jember. Analisis yang digunakan adalah indeks Ellison Glaeser. Berdasarkan hasil analisis diketahui secara keseluruhan keempat kecamatan (Wuluhan,Ambulu, Rambipuji dan Kalisat) memiliki tingkat konsentrasi sedang, dimana wilayah yang terkonsentrasi tersebut terjadi karena adanya kekuatan aglomerasi (agglomerasi effect) pada masing-masing wilayah yang disebabkan oleh pengaruh eksternalitas berupa natural advantage dan knowledge spillover. AbstractThe concentration of economic activity in the world, has become an interesting phenomenon to be analyzed. The existence of a product program in a region will lead to cultural growth in a sustainable state on two kinds of economic externalities namely, localization economy and urbanization economy commonly called economic agglomeration. The agglomeration economy arises because an industry will choose the place where it will guarantee the production process for a long time. The purpose of this study is to identify the magnitude of agglomeration strength in the sub-sector of the food, beverage and tobacco industries in Jember district. The population of this research is the sub-district in Jember Regency. The method of acculating data used are doumentation comes from BPS and Disperindag Jember District. The analysis used is Ellison Glaeser index. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that all four sub-districts (Wuluhan, Ambulu, Rambipuji and Kalisat) have moderate concentration levels, where concentrated areas occur because of the agglomeration power (agglomeration effect) in each region due to the influence of externalities in the form of natural advantages and knowledge spillover.
ABSTRAKProgram kredit tebu rakyat melalui kemitraan terutama upaya untuk meningkatkan produksi tebu dengan penyediaan kredit untuk sarana produksi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keuntungan produksi tebu rakyat dengan bantuan kredit dan menjelaskan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keun-tungan produksi tebu. Penelitian ini menggunakan data selama satu musim tanam 2013/2014. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara purposive, dengan kriteria (1) petani tebu rakyat yang memperoleh kredit KKP-E; (2) luasan lahan >1,0 ha dan jumlah sampel ditentukan secara quota sampling sebanyak 30 orang. Kuesi-oner terstruktur digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data produksi dan pendapatan petani, didukung dengan data sekunder. Statistik deskriptif seperti rata-rata, standar deviasi, nilai minimum, dan maksimum diguna-kan dalam analisis data. Analisis benefit dan cost digunakan untuk menghitung keuntungan, sementara ana-lisis regresi linier berganda digunakan dalam mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keuntungan per hektar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keuntungan rata-rata per hektar sebesar Rp12.400.000,00. Variabel luas lahan, rendemen, umur, pendidikan, biaya pupuk per hektar, dan biaya tenaga kerja per hektar secara signifikan (p<0,01) mempengaruhi keuntungan petani tebu rakyat kredit di daerah penelitian. Hal ini memberikan gambaran bahwa petani tebu yang mengakses kredit KKP-E untuk pinjaman permodalan dalam usaha tani berupa sarana produksinya dapat meningkatkan produksi dan berdampak terhadap keuntungan produksi tebu per hektar.Kata kunci: Tebu, keuntungan, petani tebu, kredit, faktor produksi ABSTRACTFinancial aid for smallholder sugarcane famers through partnership program is mainly for production means. This research is aimed to determine the farmers' profit of one hectare sugarcane production and to explain factors that affect the profit. This study used data of 2013/2014 sugarcane planting season. Samplings were taken purposively with criteria: (1) the farmers received KKP-E credit scheme, (2) the land ownership was >1.0 ha, and the number of samples were determined using quota sampling for 30 farmers. Structured questioners were used to collect data on production and income of the farmers, which were also supported by secondary data. Description statistics such as means, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum values were used for data analyses. Benefit and cost analysis were used to calculate the profits, while the multiple linear regression analysis is used to identify the factors that affect the profit per hectare. The results showed that favorable circumstances with the average profit per hectare were Rp12,400,000.00. The variables: land area, yield, farmers' age and education, the cost of fertilizer and labor per hectare affected significantly (p<0.01) to the farmers profit. This study showed that farmers who have access to KKP-E credit scheme for loan capital in the form of farm production facilities could increase production and had impact on profit.
The trend of modern development in some countries is the decline in the contribution of the agricultural sector to GDP (gross domestic product), as a consequence of the increased contribution of the non-agricultural sector. So the development strategy that is often applied is to increase the role of the modern sector (industry and services) that have a high level of productivity. The agricultural sector, which has low productivity, often escapes the development strategy, even though the agricultural sector is a place to make a living for some poor people who are in rural areas. This study aims to analyze the effect of economic structural transformation on poverty in Indonesia. The type of data used in this study is quantitative data, in the form of time series data between 1980-2017 obtained from World Bank publications, the World Income Inequality Database, and the Central Statistics Agency. Analysis of the data used is to use VECM estimation to see the short-term relationship and the long-term relationship of each variable. The estimation results of the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) concluded that in the long run, the agricultural sector has a negative and significant relationship to poverty, while the industrial and service sectors do not have a significant effect on poverty in Indonesia. Per capita income has a positive relationship with poverty in Indonesia. Based on the explanation, it concludes that the policy that must be implemented to overcome the problem of poverty is to develop the agricultural sector.
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