Two isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from patients with Urinary Tract Infection (UTI). The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial effect of alcoholic leaves extract of Salvia officinalis on Multidrug resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa. Using the well diffusion test, the alcoholic leaves extract at 100mg/ml and 200 mg /ml was shown to possess antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganism. The inhibition zones of S. officinalis at 200 mg/ml, and 100 mg/ml of the extract showed diameters of 23mm and 20mm, respectively. But the diameters of the inhibition zones caused by treatment with the antibiotics Ciprofloxacin, Ticarcillin + Clavulanic acid, and Cefotaxime were 28mm, 27mm, and 25mm) for both isolates, respectively. The results indicate that P. aeruginosa was resistant to most antibiotics of different groups used in this study. It was found that the isolates were Multidrug Resistant (MDR) by sensitivity test. The results of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), by using E-test strips, showed that MIC of Cefoxitin was 4µg/ml for P. aeruginosa 1, but P. aeruginosa 2 was resistant.  MIC value for Cefoperazone was 8µg/ml against P. aeruginosa 1, whereas P. aeruginosa 2 was resistant. MIC value was also determined for the alcoholic leaves extract against P. aeruginosa, showing a value of 100 mg/ml, while the plant extract also had synergistic effects with Ciprofloxacin, Cefotaxime, and Ticarcillin+ Clavulanic Acid. It can be concluded that the alcoholic leaves extract of S. officinalis had considerable antimicrobial effects on MDR P. aeruginosa. Thus, it can be used instead of antibiotics for the treatment of UTI caused by MDR P. aeruginosa to reduce the side effects of antibiotics. On the contrary, its use with antibiotics enhances their action without interfere with them.

P. aeruginosa was cultured on nutrient agar containing different antibiotics, the growth and pigment of bacterial colonies were treated. Azithromycin killed the bacteria on low concentration, colonies of P. aeruginosa treated with Ampicillin, Amoxycillin, and Cefixime appeared light green .Cephalexin and Azithromycin led to formation of light green-yellow colonies, while Doxycillin ,and Clindamycin appeared green ,but there was slight change in colonies color.The pigment (pyocyanin) was extracted from the untreated cells of bacteria and its effect as antibiotic used against many different pathogenic bacteria have been studied, the pigment inhibited E. coli, Acinetobacter, Staphylococcus auraus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae but not Klebsiella pneumoniae ,and Proteus vulgaris .

Agaricus biosporus is a mushroom known for its use for nutritional and medicinal purposes. This study tested whether silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from phenolic compounds extracted from this mushroom have an efficient antimicrobial impact against pathogenic bacteria and yeast isolated from urine, sputum, and vaginal swabs. Different methods were employed in the characterization of AgNPs. The microorganisms of isolated bacteria and yeast were identified according to morphological features, results of biochemical tests, and the VITEK 2 compact system. The susceptibility to antibiotics was determined by the disk method. The bacteria and yeast resisted all antibiotics employed in this research. But the AgNPs had good antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria and yeast. The highest inhibition zone of AgNPs against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a 100 mg/mL concentration was 30 mm, while the minimal inhibition zone of AgNPs was 12 mm against Escherichia coli at the same concentration. The antibacterial effect of the synthesized AgNPs was concentration-dependent against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. With respect to the effect on yeast growth, there was a clear inhibitory effect of the synthesized AgNPs at 100 mg/mL, when the largest zone of inhibition was found against Candida glabrata (29 mm), and the minimal inhibition zone was found against C. guillermondi and C. albican (23 mm). Similarly, the AgNPs synergized with antibiotics were used against pathogenic bacterial and yeast isolates because when antibiotics and AgNPs were combined, the inhibition zones were larger compared to those of the antibiotics alone.

Introduction and Aim: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for a wide range of infections, including respiratory tract infections (RTIs). This research was aimed to study the antibacterial and anti-biofilm effect of AgNPs produced by Gram positive and negative bacteria on RTIs associated with K. pneumoniae.   Materials and Methods: The biofilm formation of K.  pneumoniae was determined by tube method qualitatively from select bacterial species characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy. The antibacterial susceptibility of the bacteria AgNPs was tested for their antibacterial and antibiofilm activity on a clinical isolate of K. pneumoniae.   Results: K. pneumoniae isolated from RTIs were strong biofilm producers.  The antibacterial activity of AgNPs synthesized from bacterial spp in this study had good antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae. P. aeruginosa and P. mirabilis AgNPs had the strongest anti-biofilm effect, with 84% and 83%, respectively, while A. baumanii's AgNPs had the lowest (79%). AgNPs of P. aeruginosa and P. luteola showed the highest (80%) anti-biofilm action against the development of pre- and post-mature biofilms formed by K. pneumoniae, while AgNPs from S. mitis exhibited the lowest levels (69%).   Conclusion: AgNPs generated by Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria, when exposed to K. pneumoniae isolated from RTIs had a good antibacterial impact and inhibited the formation of biofilm by K. pneumonia and hence could be used as an antibacterial agent against K. pneumoniae infecting the respiratory tract.

In general from this study it can be concluded that the rate of bacterial contamination of mobile phone is height. A total of 25 samples were collected from the cell phones of the students of college of science biology department, Baghdad University. Bacteria encountered include: (gram positive; S. aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci (S. peidermidis), S. Pyogenes, B. spp.), and gram negative; E. coli, and P. aeruginosa) most of these bacteria species are harmful and cause infection to humans. And in this study was found the percent of contamination in mobile phones of male (61.11%) more than in female (38.88%) mobile phones. The antibiotic sensitivity test showed the variety of resistance of isolated bacteria to antibiotics used in this study, but most isolated bacteria were sensitive to streptomycin and kanamycin except the isolates of B. spp. and P. aeruginosa were the most resistant bacteria for antibiotics used in this study approximately.