This investigation was conducted for two successive seasons (2006& 2007) to study the effect of training system and fruiting unit length on bud behaviour, growth and productivity of Flame Seedless grapevines. The chosen vines were ten-year-old, grown in a clay loamy soil and irrigated by the drip irrigation system. The vineyard was located at Meniet Samannoud, Dakahlia governorate. Vines were spaced at 2.5 X 3 meters apart, pruned during the second week of February with a load of (40-42 buds/vine) and trellised according to the telephone system. Seventy two uniform vines were chosen. Each four vines acted as a replicate and each three replicates were treated by one of the following treatments: Two training systems were evaluated; the first was cordon training system with three levels of spur length: two, three or four buds per spur, while the second was cane training system with three levels of cane length: six, eight or ten buds per cane.The results showed that cordon training system gave the best results as compared to cane training system. The spur pruning (2-3 buds/spur) resulted in the highest percentages of bud burst and fruitful buds and coefficient of bud fertility as compared to the cane pruning (6 buds/cane) which recorded the lowest values. In addition, the cordon training system with fruiting unit lengths of 2-3 buds/spur gave the best yield/vine and its components as well as the best physical properties of bunches, improved the physical and chemical characteristics of berries and ensured the best vegetative growth parameters, dynamics of wood ripening, weight of prunings/vine and size of old wood. Total chlorophyll of the leaves and total carbohydrates of the canes were also increased as compared to the cane training system with fruiting unit length of ten buds/cane which gave the lowest values of these parameters.The economical study indicated that cordon training system with spur pruning for Flame Seedless grapevines gave the highest net income as compared to cane training system with cane pruning.
Pushing yield frontiers of cereals and legumes is becoming increasingly difficult, especially in drylands. This paper argues and provides empirical evidence that food loss and wastage constitute a sizeable proportion of the total wheat supply in Egypt. By following the life cycle of food and using standard measurement protocols, we estimated the levels of food loss and wastage along the wheat value chain in Egypt and their socioeconomic, biophysical, and environmental implications. About 4.4 million tons (20.62% of total wheat supply from domestic production and imports in 2017/2018) is estimated to be lost or wasted in Egypt which is also associated with the wastage of about 4.79 billion m3 of water, and 74.72 million GJ of energy. This implies that if Egypt manages to eliminate, or considerably reduce, wheat-related losses and wastage, it will save enough food to feed 21 million more people from domestic production and hence reduce wheat imports by 37%, save 1.1 billion USD of much-needed foreign exchange, and reduce emissions of at least 260.84 million kg carbon dioxide-equivalent and 8.5 million kg of methane. Therefore, investment in reducing food loss and wastage can be an effective strategy to complement ongoing efforts to enhance food security through productivity enhancement in Egypt.
IntroductionSeveral studies in developing countries found that more need-based training is required for health care providers (HCPs) in child malnutrition management.MethodsAn exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted to explore barriers to providing adequate nutrition care as perceived by the healthcare providers (HCPs) in the child malnutrition clinic at a Children's University Hospital in Egypt. Participants were selected using the purposive sampling technique. Five out of seven HCPs in the clinic were included (two male physicians, one female physician, and two female nurses). Qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews. The interview guide consisted of semi-structured open-ended questions. Quantitative data were the resulting scores from the scoring system used to assess the understandability and actionability of the patient education materials (PEMs) that are available in the clinic. The Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Printable Materials (PEMAT-P) for the scoring. Statistical analysis: The thematic content analysis technique was employed for qualitative data. The percent score was generated for the PEM actionability and understandability for quantitative data.ResultsMost common child malnutrition conditions encountered by HCPs were nutritional deficiencies. Barriers to the delivery of adequate nutrition care to children were physician-centered: limited nutrition education in the medical school, health system-centered: an insufficient number of HCPs, lack of nutritional supplements, lack of patient education materials (PEMs) that suit the characteristics of the served community, lack of updated standard of practice (SOP) and guidelines, inadequate nutrition training of HCPs, and insufficient time for each patient, and caregivers-centered: the low socioeconomic status and false cultural, nutritional beliefs.ConclusionThere are different barriers to adequate nutrition care for child malnutrition in low-resource healthcare settings. Mainly nutritional deficiencies. Most of the barriers were health system-related in the form of insufficient resources (shortage of workforce; concerning the high caseload, nutritional supplements, and PEMs) and inadequate management of resources (lack of skill-based training, lack of updated SOP and guidelines, and lack of properly designed PEMs that facilitate communication with the target caregivers).
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