To determine the effects of different seeding rates and nitrogen fertilizer levels on yield and its components of six bread wheat genotypes, a field experiment was conducted at East Canal and Al Marashda Agricultural Research Stations during the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 growing seasons. The experiment was laid out in a split-split plot arrangement in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Seeding rates (60, 80, and 100 kg fad.-1 ) were placed in the main plots, while nitrogen fertilizer levels (75,100 and 125 kg N fad. -1 ) were allotted in the subplots, whereas, the sub-sub plots were allocated to the bread wheat genotypes (Gemmeiza 12, Sids 14, Shandaweel 1, Line 1, Line 2 and Line 3). The number of spikes m -2 , 1000 kernels weight, and grain yield were significantly higher at a seeding rate of 100 kg fad. -1 as compared to other seeding rates. Nitrogen fertilizer levels affected significantly yield and its components. Grain yield and its components increased with each increment in nitrogen fertilizer level from 75 to 100 and up to 125 kg N fad -1 . Wheat is sown at a seeding rate of 100 kg fad. -1 with 125 kg N fad. -1 gave the highest number of spikes m -2 and grain yield. The interaction effects of seeding rate by genotypes and nitrogen levels by genotypes reveal the superiority of Sids 14 and Shandaweel 1 wheat cultivars in grain yield when sown at a seeding rate of 100 kg fad. -1 with 125 kg N fad. -1 in both locations.
Pushing yield frontiers of cereals and legumes is becoming increasingly difficult, especially in drylands. This paper argues and provides empirical evidence that food loss and wastage constitute a sizeable proportion of the total wheat supply in Egypt. By following the life cycle of food and using standard measurement protocols, we estimated the levels of food loss and wastage along the wheat value chain in Egypt and their socioeconomic, biophysical, and environmental implications. About 4.4 million tons (20.62% of total wheat supply from domestic production and imports in 2017/2018) is estimated to be lost or wasted in Egypt which is also associated with the wastage of about 4.79 billion m3 of water, and 74.72 million GJ of energy. This implies that if Egypt manages to eliminate, or considerably reduce, wheat-related losses and wastage, it will save enough food to feed 21 million more people from domestic production and hence reduce wheat imports by 37%, save 1.1 billion USD of much-needed foreign exchange, and reduce emissions of at least 260.84 million kg carbon dioxide-equivalent and 8.5 million kg of methane. Therefore, investment in reducing food loss and wastage can be an effective strategy to complement ongoing efforts to enhance food security through productivity enhancement in Egypt.
Egyptian Journal of Botanyhttp://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/ 21 P LANT growth-promoting endophytic bacteria (PGPEB) are beneficial microbes that can be applied to improve plant responses to drought stress. In this study, seven bacterial isolates were purified from the root-endosphere of field-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Egypt. Bacterial isolates were identified and in-vitro screened for plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits and water deficit stress alleviation. Then, the effect of bacterial inoculation on growth promotion and performance of wheat was investigated under full irrigation and water deficit stress in greenhouse and field experiments. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, three isolates were classified as Bacillus sp., whereas, four isolates were identified as Enterobacter, Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas, and Sphingomonas sp. All isolates produced indole acetic acid, solubilized inorganic phosphate, secreted siderophore, and exhibited tolerance to osmotic stress. Under greenhouse conditions, growth, shoot-N content and leaf proline content of wheat plants inoculated with most bacterial isolates were significantly (P< 0.05) increased under both normal irrigation and water deficit stress (50% water holding capacity). Based on greenhouse results, Bacillus sp. strain NGB-WhE3 was evaluated to alleviate water deficit stress on five wheat cultivars (Giza 171, Misr 1, Misr 3, Shandaweel 1, and Sids 14) in two-year field trials. Bacterial inoculation significantly (P< 0.05) improved the agronomic traits and some physiological characteristics of wheat plants under water deficit stress than the uninoculated control. Grain yield of inoculated wheat plants showed significant (P< 0.05) increases from 5.6 to 14.6% under normal irrigation and from 3.2 to 12.5% under water deficit stress.
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