“U.S. Ambassador Hayes and Spain's Haven from Hitler, 1943–45”
U.S. Ambassador to Spain (1942–1945), Carlton J.H. Hayes, has been often reputed a Francoist. A look at the entire printed and archival record, however, shows Hayes to have been a tough critic of the caudillo's “fascism.” This article focusses particularly on Hayes' active role in securing the passage of some 40,000 refugees—French, Anglo‐Saxons, Jews and others—across the Pyrenees mostly to North Africa. In retirment, Hayes advocated patient dilomacy, rather than ostracism or subversion of Franco Spain—the policy the U.S. eventually adopted.
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