To evaluate the reliability and quality of signal of UMTS radio access technology of three cellular networks (MTN, 9mobile and Airtel network) over two cities in Nigeria, an intensive drive test measurement was conducted, taking into consideration, signal-to-interference ratio (Ec/Io) as the key performance indicator under study. A total of 10958, 11075 and 11109 Ec/Io measurements were obtained for MTN, 9mobile and Airtel network. These measured data were subjected to statistical analysis in the form of bar charts, quality plots and calculations of measures of central tendency and dispersion. Result shows that 59.64%, 50.45% and 17.02% of the drive test route for Airtel, 9mobile and MTN network had good signal quality and met with the Nigerian telecommunication regulatory benchmark of at least -9dB for Ec/Io. Also, 40.36%, 49.55% and 82.98% of the drive test area for Airtel, 9mobile and MTN network fell below the regulatory benchmark and subscribers in this region experienced dropped calls, blocked calls, handover failures and degraded signal quality due to interference. Airtel network was adjudged the best network while the worst network was MTN network. The result provided by this article will help radio network engineers operating in Calabar South and Calabar Municipality, to efficiently reuse limited frequencies, avoid interferences, optimize handover and adjust transmitted power level. The mobile network operators are advised to build new base stations and visit the existing ones regularly for optimization.
This research involves the assessment of noise levels in pubs operating in Calabar, Nigeria, to investigate their compliance with the permissible noise level recommended by the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), Nigeria. A Bam and Kom (BK) Precision 732 digital sound level meter placed on a tripod was used for the measurement of noise levels for three consecutive months, from 6:00pm to 10:00pm. The measured data were subjected to descriptive statistics using excel spreadsheet and the results were presented in the forms of graphs, bar chart and in tabular form. Average equivalent noise level obtained for pubs A, B, C, D and E were 86.5dB, 75.7dB, 75.9dB, 90.0dB and 81.9dB, respectively. Results show that all the pubs under study were in excess of the permissible noise level recommended by NESREA.
Due to increase in energy cost of transmission, high voltage transmission becomes the most economical for the transfer of large amounts of electrical power, because the higher the transmission voltage, the more efficient and cheaper the transmission. Due to increase in population, the towns are expanding, and naturally result in the construction of buildings near high voltage power lines. This research gives an in depth analysis of fields emitted by 11 kV and 33 kV power line and also describes in details the points where the highest field emission (at distance of 50 m, 1.17 µT is recorded for magnetic field around 11 kV power line and beneath the power line a field of 0.82V/m was recorded for electric field) and compares measurements of this fields with the international standard threshold values of 5V/m and 0.1 µT for the public. The magnetic field shows field/health effect as its exceeds the threshold value at some point while the electric field at all points is still below the limit as recommended by International Commission of Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP).
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