The aim of this paper is to illuminate the impacts of cement production emissions on the environment. Various research work has shown that countries in sub-Saharan Africa, suffer the most from environmental pollution especially air pollution. One of such contributing factors is the behavioural pattern of workers and traders living close to production plants. Significantly also, data are not available in this region. The need for cement as well as the presence of local raw materials, coupled with the need for local content has resulted in an increase in the number of cement plants. Areas within and around the cement plant are exposed to various air pollutants. These pollutants affect the life and wellbeing of workers, children and people in close communities as well as the flora and fauna. Diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary, silicosis, preterm delivery, psychasthenia, endocrine disruption, cancer and infertility are associated with these pollutants. This paper describes the impacts of these pollutants on human's health and plant's growth as well as where studies should focus on in the future. Various high impact papers were selected and cogent findings as it affects different classes of people were discussed in this paper. It is recommended that more data collection, pollutant characterization, risk assessment and dispersion analysis should be carried out in developing countries. More research should be undertaken to determine the impact of alternative fuel and the effectiveness of dust control technologies used in various cement plants.
The built environment consumes a lot of energy and material. A huge demand of about 40 billion tonnes of aggregates is demanded for construction purpose. The cost of material accounts for more than 60% of the total project cost. However, 10% of construction material end up as demolition wastes yearly. Aggregate is a beneficial building component in construction. There is much need to develop ways to ensure it is utilized properly as construction and demolition waste contribute a large percent to landfills. This review of literature examined the generation of construction and demolition waste generated in developed countries, waste characterization, and utilization in pavement construction. Additionally, environmental, economic and social benefits of the reuse of this waste was espoused. The result of the review revealed that The initial construction material quality, scale of the project, contract and construction mode used affect the amount and quality of CDW. CDW are bulky and not suitable for composting and incineration. Ultimately, the utilization of this waste would reduce the amount of raw material used in construction leading to conservation. Also, there would be reduction in the energy cost associated with mining (quarrying), extraction and transportation of natural aggregates in track with the conservation of natural resources and the construction of cost-effective pavements.
This research investigated the suitability of cement kiln dust (CKD) on the stabilization of clayey soil extracted along a failed road section of Sango, Ota. Since CKD does not need any further processing or treatment, it is cheap as it is a waste product from cement production and can be utilized in powdery form. The suitability of CKD as a stabilizer is dependent on its performance on problematic soil. For this study, it was mixed with clayey soil in varying proportions of 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15%. For each combination, several geotechnical tests were carried out. The result shows that the unsoaked CBR of the clay soil increased from 1.49 to 28.6%, and thus indicates that the soil mixed with 10% CKD showed the best mechanical improvement after a curing period of 7 days. Other curing periods were observed. In addition to CBR improvement, other tests such as Atterberg limits, Proctor compaction, and free swell, tests revealed that the geotechnical properties of the stabilized soils increased with an increase in the amount of CKD by dry weight of the soil. It is noted that the use of CKD at 10% was more economical and environmentally beneficial. This research shows the beneficial use of industrial wastes such as CKD in the stabilization of soils, which is line with sustainable waste management practices.
Highway embankment failures are common phenomena in Southern Nigeria. To this end,in situ geotechnical tests and laboratory analyses were used to characterize the underlying lithologic units along a highway alignment in Calabar, Nigeria. The engineering behaviour of the soils mixed with various lime contents was evaluated after a curing period of 28 days. Limit equilibrium analysis was used to determine the factor of safety (FS) for the most critical slip surface for the embankment with height in the range of 4 to 7 m. Undrained triaxial tests conducted on the unstabilized soil indicate an undrained shear strength of 10 to 17 kPa, while the undrained shear strength of the lime-stabilized soils varied from 87 to 198 kPa, as lime content increased from 3 to 12%. Stability analysis carried out on the unstabilized soil samples indicates that FS ranged from 0.88 to 1.33 for the various embankment heights and analysis methods, while FS for the shallow (1-5 m) stabilization varied from 1.09 to 5.02 for the various embankment heights, lime contents and analysis methods. The stability of the embankment was found to increase with an increase in lime content and depth of stabilization even for the most extreme loading condition.
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