In Poland, individuals enter marriages and relationships increasingly to derive personal fulfillment, creating high expectations that may elevate individuals' risk for romantic disillusionment (the perception that the relationship has not lived up to expectations and has deteriorated). Given these dynamics in Poland, a Polish‐language measure of disillusionment would open up new research opportunities. Three studies, therefore, examined psychometric properties of a new Polish‐Language Relationship Disillusionment Scale (RDS‐PL), which was translated and back‐translated with an established English‐language measure. Study 1 (pilot study) administered the English‐ and Polish‐language RDS versions 2 months apart to 19 bilingual Polish university students, yielding cross‐language test–retest reliability of 0.61. In Study 2, 214 individuals completed the RDS‐PL and other Polish‐language measures. Confirmatory factor analyses supported a one‐factor RDS‐PL structure, and significant correlations of the RDS‐PL with relationship satisfaction, forgiveness, and resentment provided convergent validity. Study 3 (N = 280) supported the RDS‐PL's convergent validity with English and Polish‐language relationship measures. Studies 2 and 3 also partially supported its discriminant validity.

Issues in applied survey research, including minimizing respondent burden and ensuring measures’ brevity for smartphone administration, have intensified efforts to create short measures. We conducted two studies on the psychometric properties of single-item satisfaction, love, conflict, and commitment measures. Study 1 was longitudinal, surveying college-age dating couples at three monthly waves ( n =121, 84, and 68 couples at the respective waves). Partners completed single- and multi-item measures of the four constructs, along with other variables, to examine test–retest reliability and convergent, concurrent, and predictive validity. Single-item measures of satisfaction, love, and commitment exhibited impressive psychometric qualities, but our single-item conflict measure performed somewhat less strongly. Study 2, a cross-sectional online survey ( n = 280), showed strong convergent validity of the single-item measures, including that of conflict.

Research and theory suggest that men, on average, are inhibited from expressing vulnerable emotions such as love, whereas women do so more readily. Based on theories of gender socialization and social media uses and gratifications, we conducted a content analysis of gender differences in the domain of wedding and other relationship anniversary greetings delivered on Twitter (N = 414 tweets). We tested for gender as well as age differences in three areas: symbolic (emoji), photographic, and verbal content. As hypothesized, women were more likely to use emojis than were men. Most tweeters who included photographs in their greetings used photos of themselves and their partners today, although some subgroups of men and women preferred photos from their weddings. Age-related differences were clear: young-adult tweeters preferred symbolic emojis to deliver their anniversary greetings, whereas older/middle-aged adults opted for verbal/textual communication, particularly in the areas of tribute and inspirational statements and humor. Results are discussed in terms of gender-role socialization, social and cultural norms, and modes of communication (e.g., written letters and notes, smartphone texts) during different historical eras.

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