Vaccination is crucial in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. To encourage as many people as possible to be vaccinated, it is essential to identify the determinants of COVID-19 vaccination intention. The present study aimed to do so through an application of the theory of planned behavior (TPB). We examined variables associated with TPB, perceived severity of COVID-19, knowing someone afflicted with COVID-19, and individual differences, such as age, gender, and psychological reactance, among 551 Polish participants. Attitude (utility beliefs) toward COVID-19 vaccination was the strongest predictor of vaccination intention, followed by beliefs about social norms and perceived behavioral control. Older age and knowing someone with COVID-19 led to higher vaccination intention through perceived higher severity of the infection, and higher levels of all TPB components, compared with other participants. Being a woman and having higher trait reactance negatively affected COVID-19 vaccination intention through lower levels of all TPB components. The results show that COVID-19 vaccination intention is directly determined by all TPB components, and is affected by gender, age, COVID-19-related variables, and reactance. Our results contribute to the scientific pursuit of encouraging uptake of the 1 Abbreviations: AGFI, adjusted goodness of fit index; AVE, average variance extracted; CFA, confirmatory factor analysis; CFI, comparative fit index; GFI, goodness of fit index; HPRS, Hong Psychological Reactance Scale; HTMT, heterotrait-monotrait ratio of correlations; RMSEA, root mean square of error of approximation; SEM, structural equation modelling; SRMR, standardized root mean square residual; TLI, Tucker-Lewis index; TPB, theory of planned behavior; WLSM, weighted least squares-mean. DETERMINANTS OF COVID-19 VACCINATIONSCOVID-19 vaccine by identifying modifiable determinants that could be targeted in health promotion campaigns.
We examined the effects of religiosity on COVID-19 vaccination rates using a cross-national comparison while controlling for socio-economic factors and culture. Our analysis, conducted on data from 90 countries representing 86% of the world population, showed that Christianity was negatively related to vaccination, while there was no relation with Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, and nonbelief. The importance of religion, freedom of expression and belief, sex ratio, median age, and almost all cultural factors were not related to vaccination, whereas Human Development Index was. The influence of different religions on vaccination rates has also been described.
The article discusses the results of the validation and psychometric parameters of the Polish-language version of the Fear of Being Single Scale (FBSS), originally developed by Spielmann and colleagues (2013). The study participants included 175 Polish respondents aged 18 to 67 (M = 27.19, SD = 8.63). The findings confirmed the one-dimensional structure of the Polish FBSS, convergent, discriminant and concurrent validity, reliability of the Polish FBSS, and its high test–retest reliability over a lag of six months. The obtained results make it possible to assess the Polish FBSS as a reliable and valid measure of fear of being single in a Polish non-clinical sample of adults.
In Poland, individuals enter marriages and relationships increasingly to derive personal fulfillment, creating high expectations that may elevate individuals' risk for romantic disillusionment (the perception that the relationship has not lived up to expectations and has deteriorated). Given these dynamics in Poland, a Polish‐language measure of disillusionment would open up new research opportunities. Three studies, therefore, examined psychometric properties of a new Polish‐Language Relationship Disillusionment Scale (RDS‐PL), which was translated and back‐translated with an established English‐language measure. Study 1 (pilot study) administered the English‐ and Polish‐language RDS versions 2 months apart to 19 bilingual Polish university students, yielding cross‐language test–retest reliability of 0.61. In Study 2, 214 individuals completed the RDS‐PL and other Polish‐language measures. Confirmatory factor analyses supported a one‐factor RDS‐PL structure, and significant correlations of the RDS‐PL with relationship satisfaction, forgiveness, and resentment provided convergent validity. Study 3 (N = 280) supported the RDS‐PL's convergent validity with English and Polish‐language relationship measures. Studies 2 and 3 also partially supported its discriminant validity.
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