Abstract-Increased penetration of renewable energy sources poses new challenges to the power grid. Grid integrated energy storage combined with fast-ramping conventional generation can help to address challenges associated with power output variability. This paper proposes a risk mitigating optimal power flow (OPF) framework to study the dispatch and placement of energy storage units in a power system with wind generators that are supplemented by fast-ramping conventional back-up generators. This OPF with storage charge/discharge dynamics is solved as a finite-horizon optimal control problem. Chance constraints are used to implement the risk mitigation strategy. The model is applied to case studies based on the IEEE 14 bus benchmark system. First, we study the scheduling of spinning reserves and storage when generation and loads are subject to uncertainties. The framework is then extended to investigate the optimal placement of storage across different network topologies. The results of the case studies quantify the need for storage and reserves as well as suggest a strategy for their scheduling and placement.
This paper quantifies the transient power losses incurred in re-synchronizing a network of generators and loads. The power system is represented using a network preserving model with loads and asynchronous generators modeled as frequency dependent power injections, which we refer to as 'first-order oscillators'. Coupling these models with the swing equations of traditional generators leads to a mixed-oscillator system. The power flows used to maintain network synchronization induce resistive (real power) losses in the system, which we quantify through an H2 norm that is shown to scale with network size. Our results also show that given a fixed network size, this H2 norm is the same for first-order, second-order and mixed-oscillator systems, provided that the damping coefficients are all equal. Therefore, if the renewable power generators being added to a power network can be controlled so that their effective dampings match those of the existing generators, they will not increase transient power losses in the system.
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