The Indonesian government has chosen to implement large-scale social restrictions, or Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB), to minimize the spread of COVID-19. PSBB is a government policy aimed at restricting the internal movement of people in a bid to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2. This study aims to assess the impact of such large-scale social restriction measures on the incidence of COVID-19 cases in four provinces of Indonesia. Time series analysis was used to describe trends in COVID-19 cases by using surveillance data from the Ministry of Health of Indonesia. Quasi-Poisson regression with an interaction model was used to estimate the incidence rate ratio (IRR), and this was calculated to compare the incidence rate before and during PSBB implementation. The trend in COVID-19 cases in the provinces of West Java, East Java, Banten, and Jakarta has continued to fluctuate. These four provinces have continued to experience a significant increase in the COVID-19 incidence rate ratio after the implementation of the first and second PSBB periods compared to the period before PSBB implementation. Lack of proper implementation of the large-scale social restrictions has led to PSBB’s ineffectiveness in reducing the number of COVID-19 cases in each of the provinces.
This study aimed to examine the strengths of Indonesia's two largest Islamic Faith-Based Organizations (FBOs) and the challenges experienced while performing activities on countermeasures against COVID-19 in Indonesia. In-depth interviews, focused group discussions, and document analysis were used to collect data. The participants (informants) were administrators of a special Islamic FBOs unit that handles COVID-19 programs at central and regional levels and the beneficiaries of Islamic FBOs COVID-19 programs, selected using expert sampling. As part of data collection, an interview guideline was set to explore the participants’ strengths and challenges in performing various programs for overcoming the pandemic. The data was analyzed using the thematic content analysis. The results showed that Islamic FBOs had special units that performed various countermeasures against COVID-19, including primary prevention like delivering health education and psychological consultation, and secondary prevention, mainly treating the pandemic, managing its prevailing conditions, and minimizing its economic impact, and supporting its vaccine. Moreover, the large members and participants, organizational structures involving grassroots levels, and financial support from the organizations’ reputable philanthropic agencies were their strengths in performing those activities. However, coordination in the organization from central board to branch level was considerably challenging, especially where the coordination path was long. The insufficient information technology facilities also made the process difficult online. Therefore, profound religious FBOs served indispensable contributions and potencies in directing the community and minimizing the impact of the pandemic and other disasters in terms of health and social-economic welfare.
In a tourism context, scholars have noted that sustainable tourism can be achieved if local communities are empowered, thus having some level of control over the development process and if they share equitably in the tourism benefits. However, research about community empowerment in the tourism context, particularly in developing countries, indicates that, in general, the benefits are not shared equally within communities for many reasons. This study aims to explore to what degree tourism is empowering two rural communities in Indonesia. The method used in answering the question is a case study and a mix-methods approach. The case studies chosen were two villages that have different approaches in the planning process (top-down and bottom-up). The qualitative approach used is a participatory observation to explore the community’s context. The quantitative approach (a household survey) assessed the extent to which residents of these rural villages experience empowerment at an individual and community level, and the factors influencing empowerment outcomes. The survey results show that the different planning processes in these villages have not resulted in significant differences in empowerment on most measures. At Namo Sialang village, with a bottom-up approach to tourism planning, where the community has significant control over tourism development in their village, the surveys showed some evidence of greater empowerment across all dimensions (economic, psychological, social, and political). However, these differences were not as substantial as might be expected. In essence, this study suggests that expecting community empowerment in and through tourism development may not be entirely appropriate in this context. This may be because the concept does not take enough account of cultural factors and issues arising from political and geographical peripherality in the delivery of empowerment outcomes through tourism.
Introduction: Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is an oil which is purely made as a product of the coconut palm and has been used for centuries in the culinary industry and the medical field. Currently, VCO is used widely in medical field due to its effectiveness as antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties. Objective of this experimental study was to prove the effectiveness of virgin coconut oil by determining its exposure time at concentration of 25% to inhibit growth of oral Candida albicans. Method: The research was done by quasi experiment design using the serial dilution method. The exposure time test was performed using a spread plate technique with virgin coconut oil at concentration of 25 % against oral Candida albicans isolated from saliva. Intervals of day 0, 1, 2, and 3 were used. Result: The result showed that virgin coconut oil inhibited the growth of oral C. albicans cells at day 2. Conclusion: Virgin coconut oil with concentration of 25% was able to inhibit with 2 days time exposure, which is similar with other synthetic antifungals.
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