Protein-polymer conjugates are widely used as therapeutics. All Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved protein conjugates are covalently linked to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). These PEGylated drugs have longer half-lives in the bloodstream, leading to less frequent dosing, which is a significant advantage for patients. However, there are some potential drawbacks to PEG that are driving the development of alternatives. Polymers that display enhanced pharmacokinetic properties along with additional advantages such as improved stability or degradability will be important to advance the field of protein therapeutics. This perspective presents a summary of protein-PEG conjugates for therapeutic use and alternative technologies in various stages of development as well as suggestions for future directions. Established methods of producing protein-PEG conjugates and new approaches utilizing controlled radical polymerization are also covered.

Many proteins, especially those used as therapeutics, are unstable to storage and shipping temperatures, leading to increased costs in research and industry. Therefore, the design and synthesis of novel stabilizers is an important area of investigation. Herein we report new degradable polymers that stabilize proteins to environmental stressors such as refrigeration and elevated temperature. Specifically, polycaprolactones with different pendant groups were synthesized and surveyed for their ability to stabilize an important therapeutic protein to storage and shipping conditions. Ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of an allyl-substituted caprolactone monomer was carried out using the organocatalyst 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) to yield a well-defined, alkene-substituted degradable polymer, which was used as a common backbone to control for degree of polymerization. Relevant side chains such as trehalose, lactose, glucose, carboxybetaine and oligo(polyethylene glycol) were installed via post-polymerization thiol-ene reactions. These degradable polymers were then employed as excipients for the stabilization of the therapeutic protein granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) against storage at 4 °C and shipping temperatures of 60 °C. The best stabilization was observed using the trehalose- and zwitterion-substituted polyesters. Both the trehalose- and carboxybetaine-substituted pCL were further investigated with regard to molecular weight dependence, and it was found that the molecular weight was minimally important for stabilization to refrigeration, but critical for G-CSF stabilization at elevated temperatures. Both high performing zwitterionic and trehalose polyesters were also degraded and the polymers and degradation products shown to be non-cytotoxic. This work provides potential biocompatible polymers for stabilization of the important therapeutic G-CSF, as well as a general platform for the future discovery of new polymeric protein stabilizers.

Protein-polymer conjugates are unique constructs that combine the chemical properties of a synthetic polymer chain with the biological properties of a biomacromolecule. This often leads to improved stabilities, solubilities, and in vivo half-lives of the resulting conjugates, and expands the range of applications for the proteins. However, early chemical methods for protein-polymer conjugation often required multiple polymer modifications, which were tedious and low yielding. To solve these issues, work in our laboratory has focused on the development of controlled radical polymerization (CRP) techniques to improve synthesis of protein-polymer conjugates. Initial efforts focused on the one-step syntheses of protein-reactive polymers through the use of functionalized initiators and chain transfer agents. A variety of functional groups such as maleimide and pyridyl disulfide could be installed with high end-group retention, which could then react with protein functional groups through mild and biocompatible chemistries. While this grafting to method represented a significant advance in conjugation technique, purification and steric hindrance between large biomacromolecules and polymer chains often led to low conjugation yields. Therefore, a grafting from approach was developed, wherein a polymer chain is grown from an initiating site on a functionalized protein. These conjugates have demonstrated improved homogeneity, characterization, and easier purification, while maintaining protein activity. Much of this early work utilizing CRP techniques focused on polymers made up of biocompatible but nonfunctional monomer units, often containing oligoethylene glycol meth(acrylate) or N-isopropylacrylamide. These branched polymers have significant advantages compared to the historically used linear poly(ethylene glycols) including decreased viscosities and thermally responsive behavior, respectively. Recently, we were motivated to use CRP techniques to develop polymers with rationally designed and functional biological properties for conjugate preparation. Specifically, two families of saccharide-inspired polymers were developed for stabilization and activation of therapeutic biomolecules. A series of polymers with trehalose side-chains and vinyl backbones were prepared and used to stabilize proteins against heat and lyophilization stress as both conjugates and additives. These materials, which combine properties of osmolytes with nonionic surfactants, have significant potential for in vivo therapeutic use. Additionally, polymers that mimic the structure of the naturally occurring polysaccharide heparin were prepared. These polymers contained negatively charged sulfonate groups and imparted stabilization to a heparin-binding growth factor after conjugation. A screen of other sulfonated polymers led to the development of a polymer with improved heparin mimesis, enhancing both stability and activity of the protein to which it was attached. Chemical improvements over the past decade have enabled the preparation of a diverse set...

Polymers that stabilize biomolecules are important as excipients in protein formulation. Herein, we describe a class of degradable polymers that have tunable degradation rates depending on the polymer backbone and can stabilize proteins to aggregation. Specifically, zwitterion-and trehalose-substituted polycaprolactone, polyvalerolactone, polycarbonate, and polylactide were prepared and characterized with regards to their hydrolytic degradation and ability to stabilize insulin to mechanical agitation during heat. Ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of allylsubstituted monomers was performed by using organocatalysis, resulting in well-defined alkene-substituted polymers with good control over molecular weight and dispersity. The polymers were then modified by using photocatalyzed thiol−ene reactions to install protein-stabilizing carboxybetaine and trehalose side chains. The resulting polymers were water-soluble and exhibited a wide range of half-lives, from 12 h to more than 3 months. The polymers maintained the ability to stabilize the therapeutic protein insulin from activity loss due to aggregation, demonstrating their potential as degradable excipients for protein formulation.

There is a significant need for new biodegradable protein stabilizing polymers. Herein, the synthesis of a polymer with trehalose side chains and hydrolytically degradable backbone esters and its evaluation for protein stabilization and cytotoxicity are described. Specifically, an alkene-containing parent polymer is synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization, and thiolated trehalose is installed using a radical-initiated thiol-ene reaction. The stabilizing properties of the polymer are investigated by thermally stressing granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), which is expressed and purified using a custom-designed G-CSF fusion protein with a polyhistidine-tagged maltose binding protein. The degradable polymer is shown to stabilize G-CSF to 66% after heating at 40 °C. Poly(5,6-benzo-2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane (BMDO)-co-butyl methacrylate-trehalose) is degraded and its cellular compatibility is investigated. While the polymer is noncytotoxic, cytotoxic effects are observed from the degraded products in fibroblasts and murine myeloblasts. These data provide important information for future use of BMDO-containing trehalose glycopolymers for biomedical applications.

Poly(ethylene glycols) (PEGs) with protein-reactive end-groups are widely utilized in bioconjugation reactions. Herein, we describe the use of ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) to synthesize unsaturated protein-reactive PEG analogs. These ROMP PEGs (rPEGs) contained terminal aldehyde functionality and ranged in molecular weight from 6 to 20 kDa. The polymers were readily conjugated to free amines on the protein hen egg-white lysozyme (Lyz). Biocompatibility of the unsaturated PEGs was assessed in vitro, revealing the polymers to be nontoxic up to concentrations of at least 1 mg/mL in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). The resulting unsaturated rPEG-lysozyme conjugates underwent metathesis-based depolymerization, resulting in decreased molecular weight of the conjugate.

Reversed-phase liquid chromatographic mass spectrometry (rpLC-MS) is a universal, platformed, and essential analytical technique within pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical research. Typical rpLC method gradient times can range from 5 to 20 min. As monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies continue to evolve and bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) become more established, research stage engineering panels will clearly evolve in size. Therefore, high-throughput (HT) MS and automated deconvolution methods are key for success. Additionally, newer therapeutics such as bispecific T-cell engagers and nucleic acid-based modalities will also require MS characterization. Herein, we present a modality and target agnostic HT solid-phase extraction (SPE) MS method that affords the analysis of a 96-well plate in 41.4 min, compared to the traditional rpLC-MS method that would typically take 14.4 h. The described method can accurately determine the molecular weights for monodispersed and highly polydispersed biotherapeutic species and membrane proteins; determine levels of glycosylation, glycation, and formylation; detect levels of chain mispairing; and determine accurate drug-to-antibody ratio values.

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