Riparian zones are the paragon of transitional ecosystems, providing critical habitat and ecosystem services that are especially threatened by global change. Following consultation with experts, 10 key challenges were identified to be addressed for riparian vegetation science and management improvement: (1) Create a distinct scientific community by establishing stronger bridges between disciplines; (2) Make riparian vegetation more visible and appreciated in society and policies; (3) Improve knowledge regarding biodiversityecosystem functioning links; (4) Manage spatial scale and context-based issues;(5) Improve knowledge on social dimensions of riparian vegetation; (6) Anticipate responses to emergent issues and future trajectories; (7) Enhance tools to quantify and prioritize ecosystem services; (8) Improve numerical modeling and simulation tools; (9) Calibrate methods and increase data availability for better indicators and monitoring practices and transferability; and (10) Undertake scientific validation of best management practices. These challenges are discussed and critiqued here, to guide future research into riparian vegetation.
Various factors such as rapid population increase, socio-economic changes and uncontrolled urbanization observed in cities caused many changes in urban areas. These changes damage natural and cultural landscape areas. It is observed that especially historical landscape areas couldn"t be protected as well as planning and management of these areas couldn"t be provided. Accordingly, constitution of inventory studies oriented natural, cultural and historical sources; presentation of planning and management decisions and arrangements that are integrated to historical identity and increasing environmental quality are steered. Visual Landscape Quality Assessment is one of the methods used in both our country and in the world for planning studies within the context of European Landscape Convention. The visual character of landscape consists of both natural-human made artifacts and physical-biological sources. The assessment includes a list of areas that are subject to cultural heritage conservation; it lends assistance for identifying various factors and preferences of physical landscape components. Edirne/Turkey is one of the most significant cities of the world being a cultural heritage area with its tangible and intangible cultural landscape elements. It is aimed to contribute to rational planning and conserving of cultural resources by preparing visual landscape quality assessment of Edirne city in this study.
Livable and sustainable cities are required to respond space-activity necessities of people as much as to provide satisfaction of users in terms of social and physiological ways. Urban squares definitely attract the attention among urban spaces that having significant place in city fiction and life. It is possible to consider squares which were identified with various names through history as "inhalation yards" of a city. Been shaped by culture, life style and expectations of the society whom they belong; squares have importance to obtain sustainability in developing and growing cities. Edirne as a medium scaled city is located in the north-west part of Turkey; have country borders with Greece and Bulgaria; had been capital city of Ottoman Empire almost a century though has cultural and historical wealth. The most significant square of the city is Cumhuriyet Square and it is located in the historical city center. The square has transferred almost all of its facilities and functions to the Saraçlar Street neighbor on, being precluded by traffic axis at the present time. It is aimed to draw attention on cultural and historical traces of the city by scrutinizing the square in terms of usage and meaning in this study. Data will be obtained by evaluating socio-economic, cultural and physical changes of the city and improving project will be suggested for sustainability and future. It is predicted that this suggestion (or inspiring new projects) will be made actual by further surveys providing contribution of society as well as support of administrators who are claiming similar approaches.
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