No abstract

Context: Eryngium maritimum L. and the endemic Eryngium kotschyi Boiss. of the Apiaceae family are used for antiinflammatory, antivenom, antinociceptive and diuretic purposes in folk medicine in Turkey.Objective: This study investigated the cytotoxic effects of the plant extracts belonging to Eryngium L. genus on various cell lines. Materials and methods: Cytotoxic activites of the lyophilized aqueous aereal and root parts of the plant extracts on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), human laryngeal epidermoid carcinoma (Hep2), human glioma (U138-MG) and African green monkey kidney epithelial (Vero) cell lines at 8.33-266.62 mg/ml concentrations were analyzed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (MTT) cell viability assays. Results: Inhibitory concentration 50 (IC 50 ) values were found 5100 mg/ml in most cases varying around 16.33-125.66 mg/ml. IC 50 values for E. kostchyi and E. maritimum root parts on Hep2 cells (32.86 and 30.25 mg/ml, respectively), E. kotschyi aereal, E. maritimum aereal and root parts on HepG2 cells (31.75, 32.42 and 35.01 mg/ml, respectively) by MTT assay were found to be close to the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) recommendations (IC 50 530 mg/ml) to define the antivity aganist cancer cells. The lowest IC 50 values according to the LDH method were observed in Hep2 cells and the highest in U138-MG cells. Root parts were found to be more toxic than aereal parts for both plants in both methods in general. Discussion and conclusion: Both plant extracts exerted cytotoxic activity aganist Hep2 and HepG2 cells, with low IC 50 values defining their promising anticancer property according to NCI; however, further analysis are needed to confirm their activity.

The toxicity of etephon and maleic hydrazide, used as plant growth regulators in agriculture, were reported as low in mammals in previous studies. However, in vitro cytotoxicity studies in mammalian cells are currently missing to understand their toxicity at molecular level. In the current study, the cytotoxicity of these compounds, were studied in Vero (African green monkey kidney epithelium), HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma), Hep2 (human epidermoid cancer) cells by MTT ((3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-difeniltetrazolium bromure) and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) assays. Maleic hydrazide had lower IC50 values for all cell lines compared to ethephon. Least cytotoxic effect treated by ethephon were observed in Vero, followed by HepG2 and Hep2. Similarly maleic hydrazide also showed least cytotoxicity on Vero cells, followed by Hep2 and HepG2 cells (p < 0.05). IC50 values in general were found to be highest in Vero cells, followed by HepG2 and Hep2 cells (p < 0.05). LDH and MTT assays showed correllation and had close relation except HepG2-maleic hydrazide application with the correlation coefficient for all >0.868 (p < 0.05). This study is expected to be a basis to understand the cytotoxic effects of ethephon and maleic hydrazide in mammal cells to be supplemented by further studies.

Organic and conventional animal products may include residues of veterinary drugs and environmental contaminant. Food contaminants can cause consumer illness such as allergy, immunosuppression, cancer, teratogenicity, mutagenicity and genotoxicity. Therefore, their control is an important issue in terms of public health. In this article, information is given about contaminants such as bacterial, fungal, metal pesticides and veterinary drug that can be found in organic and conventional animal products. In addition, the effects of various cooking and freezing processes on contaminants in animal foods and their legal regulation have been mentioned.

A range of pesticides is widely used in pest management and the chances of exposure to multiple organophosphorus (OP) compounds simultaneously are high, especially from dietary and other sources. Although health hazards of individual OP insecticides have been relatively well characterized, there is lesser information on the interactive toxicity of multiple OP insecticides. The aim of this study is to elicit the possible interactions in case combined exposure of an OP pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) and a plant growth regulator ethephon (ETF) which are used worldwide. The ileum segments of 3 months old Wistar Albino male rats were used in isolated organ bath containing Tyrode solution. ETF and CPF were incubated (10−7 M concentration) separately or in combination with each other to ileum and their effects on acetylcholine-induced contractions were studied. The data obtained from this study show that, single and combined exposure to the agents caused agonistic interactions with regard to potency of ACh whereas they caused a decrease on Emax value of ACh. These findings suggest that exposure to these agents which have direct and indirect cholinergic effects, may cause developing clinical responses with small doses and earlier but the extent of toxicity will be lower.

ÖzetBu çalışma Türkiye'de paraziter hastalıklarının sağaltımı amacıyla kullanılan levamizolün kanatlı dokularındaki kalıntıları üzerine çeşitli pişirme ve soğukta muhafaza işlemlerinin etkisi olup olmadığını belirlemek amacıyla yapıldı. Bu amaçla 10 adet Ross PM-3 ırkı etlik civcivlere levamizol oral gavaj ile 36 mg/kg/2 ml olacak şekilde verildi. Tavuklar ilacın verilmesini takiben 12 saat sonra kesilerek sağ but, sağ göğüs ve karaciğer dokusu alındı. Numuneler çiğ, ızgara, haşlama, derin dondurucuda (-18ºC) 15 ve 30 gün bekletmek için beş eşit parçaya ayrıldı. Daha sonra dokular ekstrakte edilerek yüksek basınçlı sıvı kromotografisi yöntemiyle (HPLC) analiz edildi. Buna göre but, göğüs ve karaciğer dokularındaki levamizol miktarı sırasıyla çiğ dokuda µg/kg olarak 0.258±0.019, 0.178±0.021, 0.188±0.011; ızgara işlemine tabii tutulan dokularda 0.152±0.019, 0.094±0.011, 0.123±0.011; haşlama işlemine tabii tutulan dokularda 0.079±0.010, 0.089±0.093, 0.088±0.005; 15 gün -18ºC'de dondurma işlemine tabii tutulan dokularda 0.117±0.015, 0.119±0.009, 0.169±0.014; 30 gün -18ºC'de dondurma işlemine tabii tutulan dokularda ise 0.087±0.008, 0.089±0.093, 0.128±0.011 şeklinde bulundu. Yapılan bu çalışmada dokularda levamizolün kaybolmadığı, sadece uygulanan işleme göre konsantrasyonunun azaldığı, analizi yapılan dokuların çeşidine göre de dağılımının homojen olmadığı, aksine sırasıyla çiğ ve ızgarada but, karaciğer, gögüs haşlamada ise göğüs, karaciğer, but sırasını izleyerek azalma gösterdiği sonucuna varıldı. Anahtar sözcükler: Levamizol, Etlik piliç eti, Pişirme, Dondurma, HPLC The Effect of Various Cooking and Freezing Processes on the Levamisole Residues in Broiler Tissues SummaryThis study was carried out to investigate the effect of various cooking and freezing processes on the levamisole residues in poultry tissues, which is one of most commonly used antiparasiter drug, has been frequently using in Turkey as well. For this purpose, 10 of Ross PM-3 breed chicks were given levamisole by oral gavage at 36 mg/kg/2 ml. After 12 h administration of drug, chicken were sacrified, after that, their right legs, breasts and livers were cut out. The samples were divided into 5 equal parts in order to asses different processing such as raw, grilled, boiled and deep frozen (-18ºC) for 15 and 30 days storage. After processes, the extraction of tissues was done and analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Therefore, the levamisole amount in leg, breast and liver tissues were determined as follows, respectively: In raw tissues (µg/kg): 0.258±0.019, 0.178±0.021, 0.188±0.011; in grilled tissues 0.152±0.019, 0.094±0.011, 0.123±0.011; in boiled tissues 0.079±0.010, 0.089±0.093, 0.088±0.005; in frozen tissues for 15 days (-18ºC) 0.117±0.015, 0.119±0.009, 0.169±0.014; in frozen tissues for 30 days (-18ºC) 0.087±0.008, 0.089±0.093, 0.128±0.011. Finally, this study showed that levamisole did not clean from the tissues totally, but its amount reduced, depends on the kinds of processing, also its distribution regarding anal...

Lead, cadmium, copper, zinc and iron levels were determined in organically and conventionally produced wheat, green lentils, flower honey and eggs that are supplied on different markets in Ankara, Turkey. Their toxicological and nutritional values were compared with national and international limits and literature data. The levels of cadmium and lead in conventionally and organically produced wheat, green lentils, honey and egg were below the limit of detection (LOD), whereas the level of copper was only below LOD in honey and eggs. The levels of Zn and Cu were found to be higher in conventionally produced wheat samples than organically produced ones; whereas the level of Fe in organic products was found to be higher than the conventional products.

SummaryThis study was conducted to determine the effects frying, boiling and freezing processes on the levels of sulfachlorpyridazine (SCP) and trimethoprim (TMP) in broiler chest meat and liver. Male broiler chicks were assigned to two groups as control and treatment groups. Animals were fed on commercial diet not containing SCP and TMP for 35 days. At 30 th day, experimental group received suspensions of SCP-TMP mixture (30 mg/kg SCP and 6 mg/kg TMP) via craw by gavage once daily for 5 days. At the end of 35 th day, the chickens were sacrified and right chest tissue and the liver were taken out. A portion of the tissues were stored in -20°C freezer for 30 and 45 days. After sacrifiying, the raw tissues were exposed to frying and boiling processes. SCP and TMP analysis of tissues were performed by HPLC-DAD detector and reverse phase column. In conclusion, it has been determined that boiled and grilled processes caused a reduction of SCP and TMP residues at different rates in broiler tissues; while storing in the deep freezer did not cause a significant change on SCP and TMP residues.Keywords: Sulfachlorpyridazine, Trimethoprim, Broiler meat, Liver, Cooking, Freezing, HPLC Sülfaklorpridazin-Trimetoprim Karışımının Broyler Dokularındaki Kalıntıları Üzerine Çeşitli Pişirme ve Dondurma İşlemlerinin Etkileri ÖzetBu araştırmayla kızartma, haşlama ve dondurma işlemlerinin piliç göğüs eti ve karaciğer dokularındaki sülfaklorpridazin (SCP) ve trimetoprim (TMP) kalıntılarına yönelik etkilerinin ortaya konulması amaçlandı. Erkek broyler civcivlerden kontrol ve deneme olmak üzere 2 çalışma grubu oluşturuldu. Hayvanlar 35 gün boyunca SCP ve TMP içermeyen yemle beslendi. Deneme grubundaki civcivlere otuzuncu günden itibaren SCP-TMP karışımı (30 mg/kg SCP, 6 mg/kg TMP) 5 gün boyunca günde 1 kez sonda ile kursağa verildi. 35. günün sonunda hayvanlar kesilerek sağ göğüs dokusu ve karaciğerleri alındı. Dokuların bir kısmı 30 ve 45 gün boyunca -20°C'lik derin dondurucuda saklandı. Kesim sonrası alınan çiğ dokulara kızartma ve haşlama işlemleri uygulandı. Dokuların SCP ve TMP analizleri DAD dedektör ve ters faz kolon ile HPLC'de gerçekleştirildi. Sonuç olarak, haşlama ve ızgara işlemlerinin broyler dokularında SCP ve TMP kalıntılarında değişik oranlarda azalmaya neden olduğu; derin dondurucuda bekletmenin ise SCP ve TMP kalıntıları üzerinde önemli bir değişime yol açmadığı belirlendi.