Introduction:Pneumococcal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, whose treatment is threatened with an increase in the number of strains resistant to antibiotic therapy.Goal:The main goal of this research was to investigate the presence of antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance of S. pneumoniae.Material and methods:Taken are swabs of the nose and nasopharynx, eye and ear. In vitro tests that were made in order to study the antimicrobial resistance of pneumococci are: disk diffusion method and E-test.Results:The resistance to inhibitors of cell wall synthesis was recorded at 39.17%, protein synthesis inhibitors 19.67%, folate antagonists 47.78% and quinolone in 1.11%. S. pneumoniae has shown drug resistance to erythromycin in 45%, clindamycin in 45%, chloramphenicol–0.56%, rifampicin–6.11%, tetracycline–4.67%, penicillin-G in 4.44%, oxacillin in 73.89%, ciprofloxacin in 1.11% and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in 5.34% of cases.Conclusion:The highest resistance pneumococcus showed to erythromycin, clindamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and these should be avoided in the treatment. The least resistance pneumococcus showed to tetracycline, rifampicin, chloramphenicol, penicillin-G and ciprofloxacin.

Introduction:Streptococcus pneumoniae in asymptomatic manner colonize the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx of children and adults, but can cause serious illness in the media which are naturally sterile. In 5-40% of healthy population this bacteria colonize the nasopharyngeal mucosa thanks to the surface adhesin protein, which allow the bacteria to attach to the epithelial cells. The normal nasopharyngeal microflora retains pneumococcus in a small number and does not allow it to express its pathogenic potential and cause disease. If this dominance of the normal microflora is violated, after adherence and local duplication, pneumococcus can spread to the middle ear, sinuses or lungs. Colonization is more common in children than in adults.Goal:The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of the carrier state and susceptibility of pneumococcal strains that circulate in the outpatient population of Sarajevo Canton as a potential source of infection.Material and methods:In the microbiological laboratory of the Institute of Public Health of Canton Sarajevo in the period from July 1, 2013 until April 15, 2014 were analyzed swabs of the nose and nasopharynx, eye and ear from a total of 4109 outpatients. Swabs were inoculated on blood agar nutrient medium. Then was performed catalase test, preparation by Gram and susceptibility test on Optochin. Isolates positive for S. pneumoniae were subjected to in vitro assays to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance.Results:Out of 4109 analyzed swabs the pneumococcus positive was 180 (4.38%). Of these, 137 (76.11%) nasal and nasopharyngeal swabs, 33 (18.33%) of the eyes and 10 (5.56%) ear. The highest number of positive swabs were isolated in children aged 6 years and less, a total of 168 (93.33%), in children aged 7-13 years were positive 7 (3.89%), while among respondents aged 14-20 years only 5 (2.78%).Conclusions:The most common site for isolation of pneumococci is the nose and throat, and the most common carriers of these bacteria are children under 6 years of age. Determining the prevalence of the carrier state contributes to the improvement of preventive measures to reduce the risk of infection and possible sequels.

PURPOSE: Psychiatric disorders and abnormal personality traits are commonly identified in patients complaining of fatigue, most of whom can be diagnosed to have depressive (D), anxiety (A), somatoform (S) or eating (E) disorders. This study was designed to determine the relationship between the prevalence of severe fatigue and the presence of personality pathology in individuals with these psychiatric disorders. METHODS: We analyzed 1197 referrals to an academic psychosomatic medicine outpatient unit. All patients underwent highly structured standardized psychometric and clinical assessments which allowed the categorical classification into D, A, S, and E groups. Within each group, the self-scored severity of fatigue experienced during the week preceding the evaluation was compared for patients with and without personality disorders (P). RESULTS: The one-week prevalence of severe fatigue was 38% in D (N ϭ 324) and 45% in D ϩ P (N ϭ 139), p ϭ NS; 29% in A (N ϭ 216) and 29% in A ϩ P (N ϭ 79), p ϭ NS; 33% in E (N ϭ 99) and 32% in E ϩ P (N ϭ 53), p ϭ NS; and 20% in S (N ϭ 209) and 34% in S ϩ P (N ϭ 78), p Ͻ .01. The difference in fatigue severity was ϩ 5% for D ϩ P vs D (p ϭ NS), ϩ 1% for A ϩ P vs A (p ϭ NS), Ϫ 2% for E ϩ P vs E (p ϭ NS) and 32% for S ϩ P vs S (p Ͻ .01). The greater severity of fatigue had a significant contribution to the difference in the 14-item index of somatic distress only for S vs S ϩ P (p ϭ .03) CONCLUSION: Severe fatigue may be a marker of personality pathology in patients with unexplained somatic complaints who do not suffer from depressive, anxiety or eating disorders. SOMATIC DISTRESS OF THE MENTALLY ILL AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO PERSONALITY DISORDERS.N Schmitz, N Hartkamp, W Tress, M Franz, P Manu, Department of Psychosomatics and Psychoterapy, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Glen Oaks, NY PURPOSE: Personality disorders are often invoked by clinicians as a contributing factor to the severity of physical complaints of psychiatric patiens, but the scientific support for this asociation is scant. This study was designed to determine the relationship between somatic distress and the presence of personality pathology in individuals with well-defined psychiatric disorders. METHODS: We analyzed 1437 consective referrals to an academic psychosomatic outpatient unit. Standardized psychometric and clinical evaluations were used to diagnose personality (P), depressive (D), anxiety (A), and somatoform (S) disorders. The assessment of somatic distress was based on the self-rating of the severity of 14 somatic experiences (SE) during the week preceding the evaluation. RESULTS: Compared with D (N ϭ 324), A (N ϭ 216) and S (N ϭ 209), patients with P (N ϭ 392) indicated the lowest severity of somatic distress (p ϭ .001). Patients with the comorbid associations D ϩ P (N ϭ 139) and A ϩ P (N ϭ 79) had experienced milder somatic distress than those with D or A alone (p ϭ .007). In contrast, patients with S...

<p><strong>Aim <br /></strong>To analyse the association of human leukocyte antigen B27 with clinical and laboratory parameters in patients with juvenile<br />idiopathic arthritis (JIA) at the disease onset.<br /><strong>Methods <br /></strong>A retrospective review of medical records of 25 HLAB27 positive and 25 HLA-B27 negative JIA patients was performed. The diagnosis of JIA was based on the 1997-2001 International League Against Rheumatism (ILAR) criteria. Collected data:<br />age, sex, HLA- B27 antigen presence, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), rheumatoid-factor (RF), antinuclear antibody (ANA), fever, rash, uveitis, enthesitis, inflamed joints and subtype of JIA.<br /><strong>Results</strong><br />HLA- B27 positive study group had more boys (p=0.01), higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p=0.038), higher presence<br />of fever (p= 0.025) and enthesitis (p=0.024). Any significant difference in age of the disease onset, CRP, ANA, RF, rash, uveitis, inflamed joint and dactylitis was not noticed. The most common subtype of JIA in the HLA-B27 positive patients was ERA (60%).<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong> <br />This study showed that the presence of HLA- B27 antigen plays a significant role in determining the presenting clinical<br />and laboratory characteristics in JIA patients.</p>