The reaction of benzyl isocyanide, tert-butyl isocyanide, and 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide with tetramesityldigermene (Mes Ge=GeMes ) was examined. Whereas the addition of benzyl isocyanide gave the C-NC activation product, Mes Ge(CH Ph)Ge(CN)Mes , tert-butyl isocyanide, and 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide did not give stable adducts, rather the rate of conversion of the digermene to the corresponding cyclotrigermane was accelerated. A comparison between the reactivity of the isocyanides with Mes Ge=GeMes and the Ge(100)-2×1 surface was made and some insights into the surface chemistry are offered.
When students with the capacity to succeed in a 4-year college do not take a college admission test, this represents a potential loss of opportunity for students and colleges alike. However, the costs of testing—both pecuniary and nonpecuniary—may exceed the benefits for students who lack the interest in or qualifications for college attendance. In states like Virginia, access to admission tests varies markedly with district and family circumstances. We estimate that universal testing in Virginia could increase the number of high school graduates with test scores competitive for admission at broad-access universities in the state by as much as 40%—and at the most selective institutions by nearly 20%—with larger increases for low-income students. Alternative policies that encourage testing among students with strong demonstrated academic performance could realize nearly these increases without generating testing costs for students who are unlikely to attend a 4-year college.
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