An alternative to replace the excessive use of chemical fertilizers is the use of soil microorganisms. In this regard, using nitrogen fixingbacteria (N) and mycorrhizal fungi may improve the growth of different crops. The objective was to evaluate the influence of Rhizophagus intraradices and Azospirillum brasilense, as well as the addition of chemical fertilizers on foliar and root response of maize crop in Luvisol soil. The study was conducted from October 2014 to January 2015 at the Technological Institute of the Mayan Zone, Quintana Roo, Mexico.A cornculture was established by a randomized complete block design, and four treatments with four replicates: Mycorrhiza and Azospirillum (MA), Mycorrhiza and Azospirillum + 50% chemical fertilizer, (MA + FQ50%), 100% chemical fertilizer FQ100%) in doses of 142-70-00 kg / ha and a control. Stem height and diameter of the plants were measured. In addition, the number and length of roots were monitored by means of the minirhizotron technique at five depths and at different ages of the plants. At the end of the experimental period, leaf and root biomass were quantified. Treatments of FQ100% and MA + FQ50% presented higher total height and higher stem diameter of the plants. Also, these showed the highest number and length of fine roots, compared to the other treatments. However, treatment with MA + FQ50% kept the highest amount of biomass at the end of the crop.
Several studies indicate that nitrogen fertilization is one of the main constraints in obtaining higher yields and better nut quality in pecan (Carya illinoensis [Wangenh] K. Koch). Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate a single and split application of nitrogen in 'Western Schley' variety pecan, as well as its effect on leaf nutrient concentration, yield and nut quality. A randomized complete block design with six replicates was established. N doses were 100, 150 and 200 kg·ha-1; the single application was made in March and the split one in March and June. The leaf concentration of total N, P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+, yield (kg·tree-1), quality (nuts per kilogram and kernel percentage) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) were determined. Significant interaction between factors was detected for the Zn2+ concentration and the single applied dose of 200 kg·ha-1. With the single application of 100 kg·ha-1, the highest yield (44.60 kg·tree-1) and nuts per kilogram (194.83) values were recorded, where the kernel percentage remained constant. The maximum NUE was obtained with 100 kg·ha-1 applied in a single and split application (31.10 and 30.10 kg of nuts produced per kg of N applied, respectively). Increased yield and nut quality is the main objective in applying optimal N doses; however, ways of reducing the economic and environmental impact caused by its excessive application should also be sought.
<p>El objetivo del presente trabajo fue realizar una revisión acerca de las mezclas de materiales orgánicos e inorgánicos utilizados en la elaboración de un nuevo material, el tamaño de partícula, la proporción y su respuesta en planta. En México, los desechos agropecuarios son considerados un reservorio de contaminantes; sin embargo, desde otra perspectiva, representan una industria con mucho potencial. Los nutrientes ingeridos por los animales representan nutrimentos disponibles para las plantas cuando son reciclados adecuadamente. Una de las opciones que minimiza el riesgo de contaminación y mejora su calidad, es la elaboración de compostaje y vermicompost. Ambos procesos constituyen una alternativa para la producción orgánica. Un material por si solo no cumple con las condiciones óptimas. La reducción del volumen de un material orgánico aumenta la compactación y la compresión de las raíces, afectando la eficiencia de riego y la fertilización, por lo que es necesario hacer mezclas con materiales inorgánicos, lo cual se aprovecha en la elaboración de un nuevo material para obtener mejores condiciones de crecimiento para la planta.</p>
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