EstratEgias distributivas prEsidEncialEs
RESUMENSe analizan las estrategias distributivas presidenciales en países federales en contextos cambiantes de centralización fiscal y nacionalización del sistema de partidos, mediante el estudio de la distribución de transferencias discrecionales a las provincias argentinas y comparando dos períodos en que presidentes del mismo partido enfrentaron contextos diferentes: 1) descentralización fiscal y nacionalización partidaria durante las presidencias de Carlos Menem; y 2) centralización fiscal y desnacionalización del sistema de partidos durante las presidencias de Néstor Kirchner y Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. El análisis muestra que la distribución obedeció a consideraciones estratégicas, aunque en el primer contexto se premió a los distritos sobrerrepresentados en el Congreso Nacional y, en el segundo, a aquellas provincias cuyos gobernadores pertenecían al mismo partido que el presidente.Palabras clave: Federalismo fiscal, estrategias presidenciales, peronismo, centralización, nacionalización.
ABSTRACT
This paper analyzes the distributive strategies of presidents in federal countries under different contexts of fiscal centralization and party system nationalization by studying the allocation of discretionary fiscal transfers to the Argentine provinces and comparing two periods in
<p>El presente artículo presenta una revisión de la literatura sobre el rol que los partidos políticos cumplieron en los procesos de descentralización política, económica y administrativa en América Latina, tanto como variable dependiente como independiente. Dicha revisión realiza un aporte a la comprensión de los sistemas políticos de la región y su evolución reciente y provee explicaciones para las diferencias encontradas entre los distintos países de la región. Además, permite observar desde una óptica distinta de la usual fenómenos relevantes para el estudio de América Latina. Especialmente significativos son la conformación y cambio de los sistemas de partidos nacionales, la interrelación partidaria entre niveles nacionales y subnacionales y las motivaciones de los políticos y de los partidos políticos en tanto organizaciones con objetivos definidos.</p>
The variation offered by Latin American legislatures makes them empirically and theoretically relevant to the field of legislative studies. Since the 1980s, the study of these legislatures has experienced significant growth, widening the range of topics covered and the territorial scope of the analysis. Legislative-executive relations, elections and careers, and legislative behavior continue to be the most studied topics. In addition, by the 2010s a greater number of empirical analyses have made use of cross-national comparisons of the region and studied both subnational legislatures and how internal processes and institutions shape legislative outcomes. This academic interest still coexists with a low level of citizen confidence in the legislatures, which are considered to be ineffective in policymaking. In between lies representation. Its study has attracted increased attention in a context of significant changes in descriptive representation in the region, such as the increased presence of women and minorities in legislative bodies. Taking this into account, substantive representation and its limits have been analyzed in terms of (a) the representation of women, minorities, and social classes; (b) bills’ territorial scope and subnational influences; and (c) how legislative organization impacts representation. This connection between citizens and congress members affects citizens’ perceptions of congresses as well as other democratic institutions. Despite its policy implications, this connection is still understudied, as are issues such as interest representation, amendments, and legislative speeches.
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