Liriomyza trifolii Burgess had first been reported from Senegal in 1980. Field surveys in 1982 revealed its presence in all vegetable growing areas of the country, heaviest damage being registered in the Cap Vert. Five indigenous eulophids (larval parasitoids) plus five other rare parasitoids, frequently parasitized over 90% of the flies. These rates were higher in insecticide free fields, and very much above the 30-40% reported for 1981. The most important parasitoids were Hemiptarsensus semialbiclava (Girault), which dominated in the second half of the dry season, and two Chrysonotomyia spp., which were more abundant in the rainy season. Surveys for exotic parasitoids indicated Diaulinopsis callichroma Crawford from Trinidad to be a promising species for introduction in the New World. This parasitoid, together with eight other chalcidoids (mostly larval parasitoids) and two braconids (larval-pupal parasitoids), were collected in the field or received from established insectary cultures. They were studied and shipped for rearing and release in Senegal. Nine species were released at the end of 1982 and in 1983. Many were recovered shortly after release, but only Opius dissitus Muesebeck was recovered in later samples and became relatively abundant.
Fruit phenology of citruses, mangoes and papayas influences egg-laying preferences of Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae) Abstract-Introduction. African fruit production, as well as regional and international fruit trade, have experienced heavy economic losses over the past decade due to the damage caused by fruit flies, especially B. invadens Drew Tsuruta & White (Tephritidae: Diptera). Bactrocera invadens attacks fruits belonging to numerous botanical families, several of which are of great economic importance. The females of these flies generally lay their eggs in mature fruits, but some can lay in green-immature fruits. Materials and methods. The influence of the species, variety and phenology of fruits on the fruit attractiveness to B. invadens and the elicitation of B. invadens egglaying behaviour were studied in the laboratory. Fruits harvested regularly during the years 2008 and 2009 from orchards in the Niayes area (Senegal) were exposed to gravid females in cages set for the different factors tested. The exposed fruits were then incubated and the pupae emerging from them were counted. Results and discussion. Bactrocera invadens females laid eggs in ripe fruits. Within the same fruit species, the variety plays an important role in egg-laying preference. Hence, among the mango varieties tested, the Pêche variety hosted the highest number of pupae per fruit, while the Palmer variety hosted the lowest number. Comparison among different fruit species showed that mature papaya was more infested than mature mango or citrus. Furthermore, flies were unable to develop on lime. Conclusion. Our study showed that B. invadens can infest green and ripe host fruits, and even immature abscised fruits. Consequently, management of this pest must include preventive measures in the development and implementation of an integrated management system. Senegal / Mangifera indica / Carica papaya / Citrus / fruits / phenology / maturity / Tephritidae / Bactrocera invadens / oviposition La phénologie des fruits d'agrumes, mangues et papayes influence les préférences de ponte de Bactrocera invadens (Diptera : Tephritidae). Résumé-Introduction. La production fruitière ainsi que le commerce régional et international des fruits enregistrent de lourdes pertes économiques ces dix dernières années en Afrique, imputables aux dégâts causés par les mouches des fruits, notamment par B. invadens (Tephritidae : Diptera). Bactrocera invadens s'attaque à des fruits appartenant à de nombreuses familles botaniques dont plusieurs ont une grande importance économique. Les femelles de ces mouches pondent généralement dans les fruits matures mais certaines peuvent pondre dans les fruits immatures. Matériel et méthodes. L'influence de l'espèce fruitière, de la variété de fruit, et de la phénologie des fruits sur l'attractivité de B. invadens et la stimulation de son comportement d'oviposition ont été étudiées au laboratoire. Des fruits récoltés régulièrement au cours des années 2008 et 2009 en vergers de la zone des Niayes (Sénégal) ont été expos...
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