Objectives: The Dark Triad traits (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, Machiavellianism) capture individual differences in aversive personality to complement work on other taxonomies, such as the Big Five traits. However, the literature on the Dark Triad traits relies mostly on samples from English-speaking (i.e., Westernized) countries. We broadened the scope of this literature by sampling from a wider array of countries. Method: We drew on data from 49 countries (N = 11,723; 65.8% female; Age Mean = 21.53) to examine how an extensive net of country-level variables in economic status (e.g., Human Development Index), social relations (e.g., gender equality), political orientations (e.g., democracy), and cultural values (e.g., embeddedness) relate to country-level rates of the Dark Triad traits, as well as variance in the magnitude of sex differences in them.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the determinants of innovative work behavior (IWB) by examining the moderating role of transformational leadership in the context of small and medium enterprises (SMEs).Design/methodology/approachThe study surveyed 371 employees from SMEs in Bosnia and Herzegovina by adopting convenience sampling. Hierarchical regression was used to test the hypotheses.FindingsThe findings supported the authors’ assumptions that IWB determinants such as psychological empowerment, participation in the decision-making process and organizational justice are positively related to IWB. Besides, transformational leadership moderates the relationship between organizational justice and IWB.Research limitations/implicationsThe data for this study was collected by using convenience sampling as well as a cross-sectional survey method, which limits the generalization of results.Practical implicationsTo spur the IWB among the employees in SMEs, an organization has to create an environment where psychological empowerment is high, employees have a chance to participate in the decision-making process and organizational rules and procedures are fair. In the case of organizational justice, the relationship shall be stronger if transformational leadership is present.Originality/valueIn SMEs, transformational leadership plays an important role. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study that demonstrates the moderating effect of transformational leadership on the relationship between one specific IWB determinant and IWB.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate whether there is a difference in career development programs between family and nonfamily companies. Moreover, the paper explores the relationships between career development dimensions and affective commitment in a family business setting.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was used to collect data from 506 employees in Bosnia and Herzegovina across the different industries. Independent t-test and hierarchical regression were used to test the hypotheses developed in the study.FindingsThe findings supported our assumptions that there is a significant difference in career development opportunities between family and nonfamily companies. Moreover, career development has a higher influence on affective commitment in the family business setting.Research limitations/implicationsThe data for this study was collected by using convenience sampling, as well as a cross-sectional survey method, which limits the generalization of results. Due to the unavailability of a public database, we relied on employees’ perceptions when it comes to the ownership of a company.Practical implicationsTo keep key employees, family business owners and managers have to invest in career development programs. The study shows that by aligning employee and organizational goals, offering professional development and remunerating the positive performance helps in keeping the most valuable assets within the company.Originality/valueSo far, the research about career development in family businesses was insensible. This study provides an important contribution to the understanding of career development and its outcomes in family businesses.

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This study investigates the entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial intentions of the working-age population in Bosnia and Herzegovina by considering a set of demographic and entrepreneurial background factors. Using a cross-sectional survey design, 782 responses were collected. To test hypotheses, confirmatory factor analysis, Welch's t-test, one-way variance analysis with Brown-Forsythe, Welch's F, and least square difference post hoc tests were used. The results suggest several theoretical and practical implications. First, entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial intentions are statistically different constructs. Second, there were mixed results regarding demographic factors where age is a significant differentiator in entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial intentions, experience and education are partial, while gender is insignificant. Third, concerning entrepreneurial background factors, both entrepreneurial education and family are significant differentiators in entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial intentions. Finally, the study contributes to the current state of knowledge by empirically demonstrating divergence between entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial intentions, extending the comparative research to the working-age population, and providing implications within the context of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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Although entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial intentions have been a hot topic recently, the role of self‐perceived employability has been neglected. This study investigates the relationship between self‐perceived employability and entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial intentions. The relationship was tested using structural equation modeling based on the primary data from 1264 participants in six countries. The results show that self‐perceived employability is significantly related to entrepreneurial intentions in all countries and intrapreneurial intentions in four out of six. The findings contribute to the neglected role of self‐perceived employability, based on which several implications have been provided.

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