Background: Inflammation is an essential response provided by the immune system, ensuring the survival during microbial infection, tissue injury and other noxious conditions. However, prolonged inflammatory processes are often associated with severe side effects on health. Objective: This systematic review aimed to provide the evidence in the literature of the pre-clinical and human anti-inflammatory activity of gallium compounds from 2000 to 2019 focused on elucidating the mechanisms involved in the inflammatory process. Methods: Seven bibliographical databases were consulted (PubMed, Medline, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Springer, Web of Science, and EBSCOhost). The selection of appropriate publications and writing of this systematic review was based on the guidelines contained in the PRISMA statement. Moreover, the assessment of methodological quality of the selected studies was also performed. Results: From a total of 3018 studies 16 were included in this paper based on our eligibility criteria, which showed promising and consistent results.

Considered prevalent in many countries on five continents, especially in low‐income regions, leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease classified by World Health Organization as one of the diseases for which the development of new treatments is a priority. It is an infectious disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, whose species may cause different clinical manifestations, such as cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Treatment is exclusively by drug therapy, as it has not been possible to develop vaccines yet. Currently available drugs are not fully effective in all cases; they have parenteral administration and exhibit a number of serious and very common adverse effects. The only oral drug available is expensive and it is not available in many endemic countries. Injectable administration is the main problem of treatments, since it requires patients to go to health centers, hospitalization and professional administration, which are conditions that are not adapted to the reality of the poverty conditions of patients with the disease. In this context, the development of an oral medicine has become a focus as it may solve many of these issues. Based on this scenario, this review aimed to investigate which therapeutic alternatives have been studied for the development of oral drugs directed to the treatment of human VL.

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